{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2011362669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2134/jpa1993.0344","title":"Optimal Rates of Nitrogen Fertilization for First\u2010Year Corn after Alfalfa","display_name":"Optimal Rates of Nitrogen Fertilization for First\u2010Year Corn after Alfalfa","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2011362669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2134/jpa1993.0344","mag":"2011362669"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2134/jpa1993.0344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2134/jpa1993.0344","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2134/jpa1993.0344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125600968","display_name":"jpa","issn_l":"0890-8524","issn":["0890-8524","2689-4114"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Production Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103920942","display_name":"Thomas Francis Morris","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T.F. Morris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dep. of Agronomy; Iowa State University; Ames IA 50011"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dep. of Agronomy; Iowa State University; Ames IA 50011","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043755453","display_name":"Alfred M. Blackmer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A.M. Blackmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dep. of Agronomy; Iowa State University; Ames IA 50011"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dep. of Agronomy; Iowa State University; Ames IA 50011","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020267656","display_name":"Nael El\u2010Hout","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104847","display_name":"Annexon Biosciences (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ffr8256","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104847"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405267248","display_name":"Increnovo LLC (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01w2yvg65","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405267248"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N.M. El\u2010Hout","raw_affiliation_strings":["South Bay Growers Inc. South Bay FL 33493"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South Bay Growers Inc. South Bay FL 33493","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104847","https://openalex.org/I4405267248"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043755453"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.779,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93464052,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"3","first_page":"344","last_page":"350"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12310","display_name":"Crop Yield and Soil Fertility","score":0.9028000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12310","display_name":"Crop Yield and Soil Fertility","score":0.9028000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12294","display_name":"Agricultural Science and Fertilization","score":0.09229999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12792","display_name":"Soil Management and Crop Yield","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrogen-fertilization","display_name":"nitrogen fertilization","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-nitrate","display_name":"soil nitrate","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-analysis","display_name":"soil analysis","score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrogen-response","display_name":"nitrogen response","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fertilizer-profitability","display_name":"fertilizer profitability","score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrate-leaching","display_name":"nitrate leaching","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/northeast-iowa","display_name":"northeast Iowa","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop-rotation","display_name":"crop rotation","score":0.4189999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corn-yield-response","display_name":"corn yield response","score":0.4399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-quality-protection","display_name":"water quality protection","score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conservation-tillage","display_name":"conservation tillage","score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover-crops","display_name":"cover crops","score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop-residue-management","display_name":"crop residue management","score":0.44600000977516174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88972607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2666904","display_name":"Human fertilization","level":2,"score":0.780240535736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48508581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4675074","display_name":"Acre","level":2,"score":0.7400829792022705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.7391226291656494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83323","display_name":"Fertilizer","level":2,"score":0.6982197761535645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137660486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732240","display_name":"Growing season","level":2,"score":0.5658838152885437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C537208039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627","display_name":"Nitrogen","level":2,"score":0.5138542652130127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776384668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182168","display_name":"Nitrate","level":2,"score":0.45527854561805725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992847057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156106","display_name":"Medicago sativa","level":2,"score":0.4420335590839386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.44082820415496826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50516716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877107","display_name":"Soil test","level":3,"score":0.42116934061050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4141746461391449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140793950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091","display_name":"Animal science","level":1,"score":0.38363566994667053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.35536953806877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2972039580345154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.1527513563632965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.07130306959152222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2134/jpa1993.0344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2134/jpa1993.0344","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2134/jpa1993.0344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125600968","display_name":"jpa","issn_l":"0890-8524","issn":["0890-8524","2689-4114"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Production Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":1.0,"display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861320915","https://openalex.org/W1964810213","https://openalex.org/W1978157244","https://openalex.org/W1984102380","https://openalex.org/W1992341513","https://openalex.org/W1994771562","https://openalex.org/W2001685749","https://openalex.org/W2002774861","https://openalex.org/W2010139404","https://openalex.org/W2011255064","https://openalex.org/W2015547004","https://openalex.org/W2017084445","https://openalex.org/W2024227157","https://openalex.org/W2026838796","https://openalex.org/W2031199266","https://openalex.org/W2040425448","https://openalex.org/W2040497314","https://openalex.org/W2044521530","https://openalex.org/W2050712707","https://openalex.org/W2054223582","https://openalex.org/W2063128098","https://openalex.org/W2085976958","https://openalex.org/W2090791454","https://openalex.org/W2340014748","https://openalex.org/W2462885695","https://openalex.org/W2482214712","https://openalex.org/W3205624566","https://openalex.org/W4253066829","https://openalex.org/W6639109455"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W355509535","https://openalex.org/W2069507659","https://openalex.org/W2102602206","https://openalex.org/W2085339125","https://openalex.org/W2083843232","https://openalex.org/W1985205044","https://openalex.org/W2019361079","https://openalex.org/W2023603103","https://openalex.org/W1861320915","https://openalex.org/W3037611670"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Alfalfa":[0,227,390],"(":[1,36],"Medicago":[2],"sativa":[3],"L.)":[4,39],"contributes":[5,228],"substantial":[6,229],"N":[7,31,44,91,106,217,230,254,288,302,321,336,365,476,481,517,526,552,637,661,672,692,694,697,700,703,744,753],"to":[8,26,53,87,161,182,231,249,284,300,322,329,374,428,445,475,569,619,641],"grain":[9,232,472],"crops":[10,233],"that":[11,165,213,234,296,314,528,623,635,657],"follow,":[12,235],"but":[13,236,401],"there":[14,237,497],"is":[15,218,238,327,662],"uncertainty":[16,239],"concerning":[17,240],"the":[18,80,83,100,113,131,142,183,201,205,241,277,280,388,402,433,464,470,488,504,512,563,574,592,595,645,649,675],"amounts.":[19,242],"The":[20,103,145,243,523,603,630],"objective":[21,244],"of":[22,30,67,75,82,99,105,121,125,135,157,196,245,253,264,272,279,334,339,347,394,438,458,479,487,493,516,525,545,551,567,579,587,594,601,613,740],"this":[23,246],"study":[24,247],"was":[25,45,116,148,174,180,248,366,385,426,469,498,511,529,537,606,617],"determine":[27,89,250],"optimal":[28,90,251,287,599],"rates":[29,252,600],"fertilization":[32,107,122,173,255,518,527,673,685],"for":[33,220,256,378,412,503,519,664,742,746,751,755],"first\u2010year":[34,221,307,665],"corn":[35,222,257,308,323,340,418,425,471,520,666],"Zea":[37],"mays":[38],"grown":[40],"after":[41,223,258,309,324,448,521,667],"alfalfa.":[42,224,310,668],"Fertilizer":[43,93,364],"applied":[46,111,181,301,367,533,640],"at":[47,56,79,97,276,368,413,485,591,678],"seven":[48,369],"rates,":[49,370],"ranging":[50,371],"from":[51,360,372,432,671,684],"0":[52,136,373,568],"200":[54,375,733],"lb/acre,":[55],"29":[57,101,114,194,358,489,535,676],"trials":[58,195,354,496,536],"conducted":[59],"over":[60],"4":[61],"yr":[62,416],"in":[63,70,77,130,260,267,274,399,562,582,589],"northeast":[64,261],"Iowa.":[65,262],"Concentrations":[66,263],"soil":[68,146,202,265,580,604,646],"nitrate":[69,76,266,273,345,581,588],"late":[71,268,583],"spring":[72,269,584],"and":[73,123,137,167,204,270,342,381,405,554,585,625,648,749],"concentration":[74,156,612],"cornstalks":[78,275,590],"end":[81,278,593],"season":[84,281,596],"were":[85,141,282,355,422,442,573],"used":[86,152,283,618],"help":[88,210,285,597,654],"rates.":[92,289],"significantly":[94,482],"increased":[95,483],"yields":[96,484],"six":[98,486],"trials.":[102,490],"rate":[104,191,515,524,693],"most":[108,143,149,175,513,530,575,607,642],"profitable":[109,176,514,531],"when":[110,151,177,424,532,609],"across":[112,192,534,674],"fields":[115,359],"mainly":[117,538],"determined":[118,539],"by":[119,387,454,540],"cost":[120,739],"value":[124],"grain.":[126],"At":[127,491,559],"prices":[128,560],"prevailing":[129,561],"Corn":[132,564,686,689],"Belt,":[133,565],"applications":[134],"25":[138,506,570,708],"lb":[139,198,507,571],"N/acre":[140,508,572],"profitable.":[144,576],"test":[147,203,208,605,632,647,652],"effective":[150,608],"with":[153],"a":[154,189,409,499,610],"critical":[155,611],"14":[158,614],"ppm":[159,615],"nitrate\u2010N":[160,616],"distinguish":[162,620],"between":[163,621],"soils":[164,622],"should":[166,168,209,303,624,626,653],"not":[169,627],"be":[170,304,628],"fertilized.":[171,629],"Nitrogen":[172,352],"50":[178,713],"lb/acre":[179,706],"three":[184,395],"low\u2010testing":[185],"soils,":[186],"which":[187],"gives":[188],"mean":[190],"all":[193,400],"5":[197],"N/acre.":[199],"Both":[200,644],"end\u2010of\u2010season":[206,650],"cornstalk":[207,631,651],"producers":[211,655],"recognize":[212,656],"little":[214,297,658],"or":[215,659],"no":[216,406,660],"needed":[219,663],"Research":[225],"Question":[226],"alfalfa":[259,325],"concentrations":[271,578,586],"identify":[286,598],"Literature":[290],"Summary":[291],"Numerous":[292],"studies":[293,312],"have":[294],"shown":[295],"yield":[298,473,500],"response":[299,353,474],"expected":[305],"on":[306,357],"Other":[311],"indicate":[313],"farmers":[315],"frequently":[316],"apply":[317],"substantially":[318],"more":[319],"fertilizer":[320,335,379,480],"than":[326],"required":[328],"attain":[330],"maximum":[331],"yields.":[332],"Overapplication":[333],"reduces":[337],"profitability":[338],"production":[341],"can":[343],"cause":[344],"contamination":[346],"water":[348],"supplies.":[349],"Study":[350],"Description":[351],"established":[356],"1987":[361],"through":[362],"1990.":[363],"lb/acre.":[376],"Except":[377],"application":[380,411,555,566],"harvest,":[382],"each":[383,492],"trial":[384],"managed":[386],"farmers.":[389],"management":[391],"usually":[392],"consisted":[393],"cuttings":[396],"per":[397,543,549],"year":[398],"establishment":[403],"year,":[404],"field":[407],"received":[408,542],"manure":[410],"least":[414],"3":[415,446],"before":[417],"planting.":[419],"Soil":[420],"samples":[421,441],"collected":[423,443],"6":[427,461],"12":[429],"in.":[430,462],"tall":[431],"surface":[434],"1":[435,444],"ft":[436],"layer":[437,452],"soil.":[439],"Cornstalk":[440],"wk":[447],"physiological":[449],"maturity":[450],"(black":[451],"formation)":[453],"removing":[455],"8\u2010in.":[456],"segments":[457],"stalk":[459],"starting":[460],"above":[463],"ground.":[465],"Applied":[466],"Questions":[467],"What":[468,510],"fertilization?":[477,602],"Applications":[478],"these":[494],"responsive":[495],"increase":[501],"only":[502],"first":[505],"applied.":[509],"alfalfa?":[522],"price":[541,547,680],"bushel":[544],"grain,":[546],"paid":[548],"pound":[550],"fertilizer,":[553],"costs":[556],"(Table":[557],").":[558],"Did":[577],"correctly":[633],"indicated":[634],"excess":[636],"had":[638],"been":[639],"treatments.":[643],"Net":[669,682],"returns":[670,683],"sites":[677],"various":[679],"scenarios.":[681],"=":[687,690,695,698,701,704],"$2.00/bu":[688],"$2.50/bu":[691],"$0.10/lb":[696,702],"$0.20/lb":[699,705,752],"\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010$/acre\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010\u2010":[707],"\u22121.15":[709],"\u22120.65":[710],"0.56":[711],"1.06":[712],"\u22125.43":[714],"\u22127.43":[715],"\u22124.16":[716],"\u22126.16":[717],"75":[718],"\u22124.26":[719],"\u22128.76":[720],"\u22122.08":[721],"\u22126.58":[722],"100":[723],"\u22126.82":[724],"\u221213.82":[725],"\u22124.66":[726],"\u221211.66":[727],"150":[728],"\u22125.71":[729],"\u221217.71":[730],"\u22122.02":[731],"\u221214.02":[732],"\u221215.30":[734],"\u221232.30":[735],"\u221212.75":[736],"\u221229.75":[737],"Application":[738],"$5.50/acre":[741],"$0.1071b":[743],"(common":[745,754],"anhydrous":[747],"ammonia)":[748],"$2.50/acre":[750],"urea\u2010ammonium\u2010nitrate":[756],"solutions).":[757]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}