{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2011128928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03081067608717097","title":"The use of complimentary passes to improve ridership on bus transit systems","display_name":"The use of complimentary passes to improve ridership on bus transit systems","publication_year":1976,"publication_date":"1976-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2011128928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03081067608717097","mag":"2011128928"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/03081067608717097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03081067608717097","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03081067608717097","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68242086","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Technology","issn_l":"0308-1060","issn":["0308-1060","1026-7840","1029-0354"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transportation Planning and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103755040","display_name":"James D Brogan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James D. Brogan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Associate, Transportation Center, The University of Tennessee"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Associate, Transportation Center, The University of Tennessee","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077144150","display_name":"K W Heathington","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth W. Heathington","raw_affiliation_strings":["Director, Transportation Center, The University of Tennessee"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Director, Transportation Center, The University of Tennessee","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003277004","display_name":"Gilbert T Satterly","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gilbert T. Satterly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Director, Transportation Engineering Center, Purdue University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Director, Transportation Engineering Center, Purdue University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44327056,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"2","first_page":"103","last_page":"114"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bus-ridership","display_name":"bus ridership","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transit-marketing","display_name":"transit marketing","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-bus-transport","display_name":"urban bus transport","score":0.7310000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98147612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215599","display_name":"Promotion (chess)","level":3,"score":0.6692869663238525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.6515599489212036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5841748118400574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5564826726913452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778022998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q651136","display_name":"Transit (satellite)","level":3,"score":0.5516980290412903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.5445459485054016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539828613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178512","display_name":"Public transport","level":2,"score":0.4732164442539215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4676266312599182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.4559709131717682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2752796411514282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09550544619560242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/03081067608717097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03081067608717097","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03081067608717097","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68242086","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Technology","issn_l":"0308-1060","issn":["0308-1060","1026-7840","1029-0354"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transportation Planning and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7646999955177307,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309036","display_name":"Purdue University","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W632066343","https://openalex.org/W1049051831","https://openalex.org/W1499943998","https://openalex.org/W2013113555","https://openalex.org/W2046407510","https://openalex.org/W2065086507","https://openalex.org/W2244501691","https://openalex.org/W2321002572","https://openalex.org/W2327626556","https://openalex.org/W2516321972"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2288115518","https://openalex.org/W2241059727","https://openalex.org/W584184358","https://openalex.org/W2606454981","https://openalex.org/W2241830640","https://openalex.org/W1966864567","https://openalex.org/W2246858111","https://openalex.org/W2244501691","https://openalex.org/W624351278","https://openalex.org/W595311924"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,139,154,190],"urban":[1,73],"bus":[2,74,169,206],"transportation":[3,134],"industry's":[4],"dramatic":[5],"patronage":[6],"decline":[7],"since":[8],"World":[9],"War":[10],"II":[11],"has":[12],"resulted,":[13],"in":[14,63,98,112,159,163],"part,":[15],"from":[16],"transit":[17,61,75,89,142],"management's":[18],"lack":[19],"of":[20,43,55,65,79,85,88,94,128,141,148,183,205],"a":[21,26,49,86,109,113],"marketing":[22,28,57],"awareness.":[23],"Only":[24],"through":[25],"complete":[27],"program":[29],"can":[30],"the":[31,40,44,80,178,181],"industry":[32],"determine":[33],"and":[34,116,180,199],"provide":[35],"various":[36,122,133,208],"services":[37],"to":[38,60,68,72,108],"meet":[39],"diverse":[41],"needs":[42],"community.":[45],"This":[46],"research":[47],"examines":[48],"complimentary":[50,95,105,149,155],"pass":[51,96,106,119,129,150,156,164,179,197],"package":[52,157],"distribution,":[53],"one":[54,78],"several":[56],"\u201ctools\u201d":[58],"available":[59],"management,":[62],"terms":[64],"its":[66],"ability":[67],"attract":[69],"new":[70,173],"passengers":[71],"lines.":[76],"Part":[77,102,160],"study":[81],"examines,":[82],"by":[83,121,167,177],"means":[84],"survey":[87,127,140],"operators,":[90],"any":[91],"past":[92],"uses":[93],"packages":[97,107,151],"ridership":[99,182],"promotion":[100],"campaigns.":[101,153],"two":[103,161],"distributes":[104],"random":[110],"sample":[111],"selected":[114,209],"city":[115],"determines":[117],"subsequent":[118],"utilization":[120,165],"market":[123,210],"subgroups.":[124],"An":[125],"attitudinal":[126,191],"recipients\u2019":[130],"feeling":[131],"toward":[132],"issues":[135],"is":[136],"also":[137,212],"conducted.":[138],"operators":[143],"showed":[144,186,193],"little":[145],"previous":[146],"use":[147],"distribution":[152,158],"resulted":[162],"primarily":[166],"current":[168,184],"users.":[170],"Statistically,":[171],"no":[172,187],"riders":[174],"were":[175],"attracted":[176],"users":[185,198,201],"significant":[188,194],"increase.":[189],"questionnaire":[192],"differences":[195],"between":[196],"non\u2010pass":[200],"regarding":[202],"some":[203,214],"aspects":[204],"service;":[207],"subgroups":[211],"exhibited":[213],"dissimilarities.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}