{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2011123063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/mp900056g","title":"Silver Nanoparticles in Therapeutics: Development of an Antimicrobial Gel Formulation for Topical Use","display_name":"Silver Nanoparticles in Therapeutics: Development of an Antimicrobial Gel Formulation for Topical Use","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2011123063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/mp900056g","mag":"2011123063","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19473014"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1021/mp900056g","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/mp900056g","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/mp900056g","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204562082","display_name":"Molecular Pharmaceutics","issn_l":"1543-8384","issn":["1543-8384","1543-8392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecular Pharmaceutics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046004753","display_name":"J. Jain","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151205615","display_name":"Agharkar Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05gqg4y53","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151205615"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaya Jain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004, India, and Nano Cutting Edge Technology Pvt. Ltd. 79/87, D. Lad Path, Kalachowki, Mumbai 400 033, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004, India, and Nano Cutting Edge Technology Pvt. Ltd. 79/87, D. Lad Path, Kalachowki, Mumbai 400 033, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151205615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028850036","display_name":"Sumit Arora","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8860-667X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8860-667X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151205615","display_name":"Agharkar Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05gqg4y53","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151205615"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sumit Arora","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004, India, and Nano Cutting Edge Technology Pvt. Ltd. 79/87, D. Lad Path, Kalachowki, Mumbai 400 033, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004, India, and Nano Cutting Edge Technology Pvt. Ltd. 79/87, D. Lad Path, Kalachowki, Mumbai 400 033, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151205615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043102691","display_name":"Jyutika M. Rajwade","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9465-3595","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9465-3595"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151205615","display_name":"Agharkar Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05gqg4y53","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151205615"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jyutika M. Rajwade","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004, India, and Nano Cutting Edge Technology Pvt. Ltd. 79/87, D. Lad Path, Kalachowki, Mumbai 400 033, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004, India, and Nano Cutting Edge Technology Pvt. Ltd. 79/87, D. Lad Path, Kalachowki, Mumbai 400 033, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151205615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038943780","display_name":"Pratibha Omray","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151205615","display_name":"Agharkar Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05gqg4y53","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151205615"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pratibha Omray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004, India, and Nano Cutting Edge Technology Pvt. Ltd. 79/87, D. Lad Path, Kalachowki, Mumbai 400 033, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004, India, and Nano Cutting Edge Technology Pvt. Ltd. 79/87, D. Lad Path, Kalachowki, Mumbai 400 033, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151205615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088185819","display_name":"Sanjeev Khandelwal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151205615","display_name":"Agharkar Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05gqg4y53","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151205615"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjeev Khandelwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004, India, and Nano Cutting Edge Technology Pvt. Ltd. 79/87, D. Lad Path, Kalachowki, Mumbai 400 033, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004, India, and Nano Cutting Edge Technology Pvt. Ltd. 79/87, D. Lad Path, Kalachowki, Mumbai 400 033, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151205615"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065558226","display_name":"Kishore M. Paknikar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5602-7518","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5602-7518"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151205615","display_name":"Agharkar Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05gqg4y53","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151205615"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kishore M. Paknikar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004, India, and Nano Cutting Edge Technology Pvt. Ltd. 79/87, D. Lad Path, Kalachowki, Mumbai 400 033, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004, India, and Nano Cutting Edge Technology Pvt. Ltd. 79/87, D. Lad Path, Kalachowki, Mumbai 400 033, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151205615"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065558226"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151205615"],"apc_list":{"value":4500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.1319,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":636,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99581992,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"5","first_page":"1388","last_page":"1401"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10079","display_name":"Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10079","display_name":"Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10131","display_name":"Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10771","display_name":"Wound Healing and Treatments","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silver-nanoparticles","display_name":"silver nanoparticles","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topical-antimicrobial-therapy","display_name":"topical antimicrobial therapy","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/burn-wound-infection","display_name":"burn wound infection","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bacteremia","display_name":"bacteremia","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidrug-resistant-bacteria","display_name":"multidrug-resistant bacteria","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antifungal-activity","display_name":"antifungal activity","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/candida-albicans","display_name":"Candida albicans","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aspergillus-niger","display_name":"Aspergillus niger","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibiotic-synergy","display_name":"antibiotic synergy","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mmp-inhibition","display_name":"matrix metalloproteinase inhibition","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-inflammatory-activity","display_name":"anti-inflammatory activity","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/postantibiotic-effect","display_name":"post-antibiotic effect","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustained-release","display_name":"sustained drug release","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biostabilization","display_name":"biostabilization","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argyria","display_name":"argyria","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silver-sulfadiazine","display_name":"silver sulfadiazine","score":0.7310000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4937899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106","display_name":"Antimicrobial","level":2,"score":0.8040482997894287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176947019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q597889","display_name":"Minimum inhibitory concentration","level":3,"score":0.6543588638305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26381139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1158816","display_name":"Minimum bactericidal concentration","level":4,"score":0.650368332862854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31499863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905762","display_name":"Silver nanoparticle","level":3,"score":0.6048833727836609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5417672991752625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.5324004292488098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780917455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310443","display_name":"Candida albicans","level":2,"score":0.5273531079292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780026444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1088175","display_name":"Polymyxin B","level":3,"score":0.4849865436553955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.4562962055206299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19831878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659446","display_name":"Therapeutic index","level":3,"score":0.4542539417743683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.4508192837238312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2323150634765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2298671305179596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155672457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61231","display_name":"Nanoparticle","level":2,"score":0.1530003547668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.15081405639648438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.13349983096122742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.12304756045341492}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000287","descriptor_name":"Administration, Topical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000890","descriptor_name":"Anti-Infective Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000890","descriptor_name":"Anti-Infective Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000633","qualifier_name":"toxicity","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000975","descriptor_name":"Antioxidants","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002470","descriptor_name":"Cell Survival","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005782","descriptor_name":"Gels","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006090","descriptor_name":"Gram-Negative Bacteria","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006094","descriptor_name":"Gram-Positive Bacteria","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008826","descriptor_name":"Microbial Sensitivity Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012834","descriptor_name":"Silver","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012834","descriptor_name":"Silver","qualifier_ui":"Q000633","qualifier_name":"toxicity","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012867","descriptor_name":"Skin","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017207","descriptor_name":"Rats, Sprague-Dawley","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D036103","descriptor_name":"Nanotechnology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D046529","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Electron, Transmission","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051381","descriptor_name":"Rats","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053768","descriptor_name":"Metal Nanoparticles","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D053768","descriptor_name":"Metal Nanoparticles","qualifier_ui":"Q000633","qualifier_name":"toxicity","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053768","descriptor_name":"Metal Nanoparticles","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056945","descriptor_name":"Hep G2 Cells","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061965","descriptor_name":"Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1021/mp900056g","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/mp900056g","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/mp900056g","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204562082","display_name":"Molecular Pharmaceutics","issn_l":"1543-8384","issn":["1543-8384","1543-8392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecular Pharmaceutics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19473014","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19473014","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecular pharmaceutics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.98580002784729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W111112446","https://openalex.org/W246955513","https://openalex.org/W1032376300","https://openalex.org/W1482880081","https://openalex.org/W1497654131","https://openalex.org/W1546592314","https://openalex.org/W1590457525","https://openalex.org/W1942214720","https://openalex.org/W1978653530","https://openalex.org/W1981474525","https://openalex.org/W1996567128","https://openalex.org/W1999830563","https://openalex.org/W2001576176","https://openalex.org/W2042133224","https://openalex.org/W2056017024","https://openalex.org/W2057912379","https://openalex.org/W2061651826","https://openalex.org/W2063575064","https://openalex.org/W2063576996","https://openalex.org/W2070427988","https://openalex.org/W2084953152","https://openalex.org/W2092868978","https://openalex.org/W2093621244","https://openalex.org/W2096224335","https://openalex.org/W2100767817","https://openalex.org/W2103449823","https://openalex.org/W2104446065","https://openalex.org/W2111812837","https://openalex.org/W2113849701","https://openalex.org/W2115123250","https://openalex.org/W2127911529","https://openalex.org/W2128635872","https://openalex.org/W2132083467","https://openalex.org/W2145890712","https://openalex.org/W2146911942","https://openalex.org/W2154884921","https://openalex.org/W2163268282","https://openalex.org/W2164705023","https://openalex.org/W2170713114","https://openalex.org/W2216364499","https://openalex.org/W2418774545","https://openalex.org/W2491255804","https://openalex.org/W4239202739","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3198372063","https://openalex.org/W2350179805","https://openalex.org/W2801005984","https://openalex.org/W4285071689","https://openalex.org/W2061073363","https://openalex.org/W2359749881","https://openalex.org/W7155065380","https://openalex.org/W2991778046","https://openalex.org/W3000075634","https://openalex.org/W2953189868"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Silver":[0],"is":[1,10,22,28,77],"an":[2,98,107,115,389,399],"effective":[3],"antimicrobial":[4,75,116,277,465,473],"agent":[5,257],"with":[6,195,215,280],"low":[7],"toxicity,":[8],"which":[9,267,427],"important":[11],"especially":[12],"in":[13,33,41,123,172,181,363,384,442,467],"the":[14,67,80,88,124,211,221,262,276,281,307,315,385,468],"treatment":[15],"of":[16,90,109,114,127,204,213,247,264,283,306,314,332,341,345,357,361,392,470],"burn":[17],"wounds":[18],"where":[19],"transient":[20],"bacteremia":[21],"prevalent":[23],"and":[24,44,54,64,71,93,142,159,202,233,253,296,372,387,413],"its":[25,59],"fast":[26],"control":[27],"essential.":[29],"Drugs":[30],"releasing":[31],"silver":[32,73,84,120,346,353,456],"ionic":[34],"forms":[35],"are":[36,94],"known":[37],"to":[38,275,336,339,424,463],"get":[39,382,411],"neutralized":[40],"biological":[42],"fluids":[43],"upon":[45],"long-term":[46],"use":[47],"may":[48],"cause":[49],"cosmetic":[50],"abnormality,":[51],"e.g.,":[52],"argyria":[53],"delayed":[55],"wound":[56,431],"healing.":[57,432],"Given":[58],"broad":[60],"spectrum":[61,331],"activity,":[62],"efficacy":[63],"lower":[65],"costs,":[66],"search":[68],"for":[69,101,266,288,293,299,448],"newer":[70],"superior":[72],"based":[74],"agents":[76,466],"necessary.":[78],"Among":[79],"various":[81],"options":[82],"available,":[83],"nanoparticles":[85,121,457],"have":[86,388],"been":[87],"focus":[89],"increasing":[91],"interest":[92],"being":[95],"heralded":[96],"as":[97,151,153,242],"excellent":[99],"candidate":[100],"therapeutic":[102],"purposes.":[103],"This":[104],"report":[105],"gives":[106],"account":[108],"our":[110],"work":[111],"on":[112,437],"development":[113],"gel":[117,322,439],"formulation":[118,309,323,344,440],"containing":[119,324],"(SNP)":[122],"size":[125],"range":[126],"7-20":[128],"nm":[129],"synthesized":[130],"by":[131,244],"a":[132,321,342,350,460,471],"proprietary":[133],"biostabilization":[134],"process.":[135],"The":[136,255,329],"typical":[137],"minimum":[138,143],"inhibitory":[139],"concentration":[140,145],"(MIC)":[141],"bactericidal":[144],"(MBC)":[146],"against":[147,199,207],"standard":[148],"reference":[149],"cultures":[150],"well":[152],"multidrug-resistant":[154],"organisms":[155],"were":[156,165,224,375],"0.78-6.25":[157],"microg/mL":[158,194,206],"12.5":[160],"microg/mL,":[161,426],"respectively.":[162],"Gram-negative":[163],"bacteria":[164,177],"killed":[166],"more":[167],"effectively":[168],"(3":[169,178],"log(10)":[170,179],"decrease":[171,180],"5-9":[173],"h)":[174],"than":[175],"Gram-positive":[176],"12":[182],"h).":[183],"SNP":[184,214,237,308,325,362,381,418,438],"also":[185],"exhibited":[186,238],"good":[187,239],"antifungal":[188,196],"activity":[189],"(50%":[190],"inhibition":[191,246],"at":[192,349,421],"75":[193],"index":[197],"55.5%":[198],"Aspergillus":[200],"niger":[201],"MIC":[203],"25":[205],"Candida":[208,300],"albicans).":[209],"When":[210],"interaction":[212],"commonly":[216],"used":[217],"antibiotics":[218],"was":[219,327,334,378],"investigated,":[220],"observed":[222],"effects":[223,371],"synergistic":[225],"(ceftazidime),":[226],"additive":[227],"(streptomycin,":[228],"kanamycin,":[229],"ampiclox,":[230],"polymyxin":[231],"B)":[232],"antagonistic":[234],"(chloramphenicol).":[235],"Interestingly,":[236],"anti-inflammatory":[240],"properties":[241],"indicated":[243],"concentration-dependent":[245],"marker":[248],"enzymes":[249],"(matrix":[250],"metalloproteinase":[251],"2":[252],"9).":[254],"post":[256],"effect":[258],"(a":[259],"parameter":[260],"measuring":[261],"length":[263],"time":[265],"bacterial":[268],"growth":[269],"remains":[270],"suppressed":[271],"following":[272],"brief":[273],"exposure":[274],"agent)":[278],"varied":[279],"type":[282],"organism":[284],"(e.g.,":[285],"10.5":[286],"h":[287,292,298],"P.":[289],"aeruginosa,":[290],"1.3":[291],"Staphylococcus":[294],"sp.":[295],"1.6":[297],"albicans)":[301],"indicating":[302],"that":[303,340,380,455],"dose":[304],"regimen":[305],"should":[310],"ensure":[311],"sustained":[312],"release":[313],"drug.":[316],"To":[317],"meet":[318],"this":[319],"requirement,":[320],"(S-gel)":[326,441],"prepared.":[328],"antibacterial":[330],"S-gel":[333],"found":[335,379],"be":[337],"comparable":[338],"commercial":[343],"sulfadiazine,":[347],"albeit":[348],"30-fold":[351],"less":[352],"concentration.":[354],"As":[355],"part":[356],"toxicity":[358,435],"studies,":[359],"localization":[360],"Hep":[364],"G2":[365],"cell":[366,368],"line,":[367],"viability,":[369],"biochemical":[370],"apoptotic/necrotic":[373],"potential":[374],"assessed.":[376],"It":[377],"localized":[383],"mitochondria":[386],"IC(50)":[390],"value":[391],"251":[393],"microg/mL.":[394],"Even":[395],"though":[396],"they":[397],"elicit":[398],"oxidative":[400,415],"stress,":[401],"cellular":[402],"antioxidant":[403],"systems":[404],"(reduced":[405],"glutathione":[406],"content,":[407],"superoxide":[408],"dismutase,":[409],"catalase)":[410],"triggered":[412],"prevent":[414],"damage.":[416],"Further,":[417],"induce":[419],"apoptosis":[420],"concentrations":[422],"up":[423],"250":[425],"could":[428,458],"favor":[429],"scarless":[430],"Acute":[433],"dermal":[434],"studies":[436],"Sprague-Dawley":[443],"rats":[444],"showed":[445],"complete":[446],"safety":[447],"topical":[449,472],"application.":[450],"These":[451],"results":[452],"clearly":[453],"indicate":[454],"provide":[459],"safer":[461],"alternative":[462],"conventional":[464],"form":[469],"formulation.":[474]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":47}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}