{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2010813712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1973.6-193","title":"REINFORCED RACIAL INTEGRATION IN THE FIRST GRADE: A STUDY IN GENERALIZATION1","display_name":"REINFORCED RACIAL INTEGRATION IN THE FIRST GRADE: A STUDY IN GENERALIZATION1","publication_year":1973,"publication_date":"1973-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2010813712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1973.6-193","mag":"2010813712","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16795400","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1310826"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1901/jaba.1973.6-193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1973.6-193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1973.6-193","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1901/jaba.1973.6-193","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125122479","display_name":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis","issn_l":"0021-8855","issn":["0021-8855","1938-3703"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1901/jaba.1973.6-193","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024102845","display_name":"Norma Hauserman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4322298","display_name":"Towson University","ror":"https://ror.org/044w7a341","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norma Hauserman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Towson State College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Towson State College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012378595","display_name":"Susan R. Walen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4322298","display_name":"Towson University","ror":"https://ror.org/044w7a341","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Susan R. Walen","raw_affiliation_strings":["TOWSON STATE COLLEGE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TOWSON STATE COLLEGE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006873583","display_name":"Maxine Behling","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4322298","display_name":"Towson University","ror":"https://ror.org/044w7a341","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maxine Behling","raw_affiliation_strings":["TOWSON STATE COLLEGE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TOWSON STATE COLLEGE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012378595"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"],"apc_list":{"value":3470,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3470},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.9699,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97481047,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"2","first_page":"193","last_page":"200"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10589","display_name":"Early Childhood Education and Development","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12474","display_name":"Education Discipline and Inequality","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-integration","display_name":"racial integration","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-integration","display_name":"social integration","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positive-reinforcement","display_name":"positive reinforcement","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-reinforcement","display_name":"social reinforcement","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"generalization","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/first-grade","display_name":"first grade","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-children","display_name":"Black children","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-directives","display_name":"teacher directives","score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-play","display_name":"free play","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inter-individual-variability","display_name":"interindividual variability","score":0.8420000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.7273201942443848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6744563579559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205778803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38404","display_name":"Autism","level":2,"score":0.47744208574295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.44121211767196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780972836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3772686","display_name":"Racial integration","level":2,"score":0.41030141711235046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.35094255208969116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.34952038526535034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12622788548469543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1003568172454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1901/jaba.1973.6-193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1973.6-193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1973.6-193","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1901/jaba.1973.6-193","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125122479","display_name":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis","issn_l":"0021-8855","issn":["0021-8855","1938-3703"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:735536","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1310826","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1310826","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1310826","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Appl Behav Anal","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:16795400","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16795400","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of applied behavior analysis","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1901/jaba.1973.6-193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1973.6-193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1973.6-193","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1901/jaba.1973.6-193","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125122479","display_name":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis","issn_l":"0021-8855","issn":["0021-8855","1938-3703"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.6164000034332275}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7900000214576721}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2010813712.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2010813712.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W569965035","https://openalex.org/W1964002753","https://openalex.org/W1994652084","https://openalex.org/W2013420141","https://openalex.org/W2032783531","https://openalex.org/W2037801843","https://openalex.org/W2059132184","https://openalex.org/W2064533628","https://openalex.org/W2079175433","https://openalex.org/W2080564901","https://openalex.org/W2083950083","https://openalex.org/W2097298220","https://openalex.org/W2123487860","https://openalex.org/W2137486123"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2733535188","https://openalex.org/W2161345127","https://openalex.org/W178434087","https://openalex.org/W2883659112","https://openalex.org/W2942284211","https://openalex.org/W2167331366","https://openalex.org/W307986377","https://openalex.org/W2095214569","https://openalex.org/W573609820","https://openalex.org/W1979013750"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"investigated":[2],"possible":[3],"factors":[4],"in":[5,14,35,47,70],"promoting":[6],"racial":[7],"integration,":[8],"a":[9,36,44,78],"matter":[10],"of":[11,20,31],"practical":[12],"concern":[13],"schools":[15],"today.":[16],"Specifically,":[17],"the":[18,28,48,71],"effect":[19],"social":[21,29,109],"and":[22,41,60,73],"tangible":[23],"reinforcement":[24,59,64,85,101],"was":[25,51,68,96],"studied":[26,69],"on":[27],"integration":[30],"five":[32],"black":[33],"children":[34],"predominantly":[37],"white":[38],"classroom.":[39],"\"Sitting":[40],"seating":[42],"with":[43,58],"new":[45],"friend\"":[46],"school":[49],"cafeteria":[50,72],"manipulated":[52],"by":[53,62],"(a)":[54],"teacher":[55],"directive":[56],"combined":[57],"(b)":[61],"positive":[63],"alone.":[65],"Treatment":[66],"effectiveness":[67],"as":[74],"generalization":[75,88],"effects":[76],"to":[77,89,107],"free-play":[79],"period.":[80],"The":[81],"results":[82],"indicated":[83],"that":[84,100],"produced":[86],"significant":[87],"integrated":[90],"free":[91],"play,":[92],"although":[93],"intersubject":[94],"variability":[95],"present.":[97],"Evidence":[98],"suggests":[99],"techniques":[102],"can":[103],"be":[104],"used":[105],"effectively":[106],"promote":[108],"integration.":[110]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
