{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2010801966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.4.e55","title":"The Effects of Metformin on Body Mass Index and Glucose Tolerance in Obese Adolescents With Fasting Hyperinsulinemia and a Family History of Type 2 Diabetes","display_name":"The Effects of Metformin on Body Mass Index and Glucose Tolerance in Obese Adolescents With Fasting Hyperinsulinemia and a Family History of Type 2 Diabetes","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2010801966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.4.e55","mag":"2010801966","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11335776"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1542/peds.107.4.e55","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.4.e55","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.4.e55","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S77494981","display_name":"PEDIATRICS","issn_l":"0031-4005","issn":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315734","host_organization_name":"American Academy of Pediatrics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315734"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Academy of Pediatrics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pediatrics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2010801966"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080509236","display_name":"Michael Freemark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5123-3531","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5123-3531"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126298","display_name":"Duke Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03njmea73","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298","https://openalex.org/I4210144876"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Freemark","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham North Carolina","From the Departments of Pediatrics and","Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North-Carolina 27710, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham North Carolina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Departments of Pediatrics and","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North-Carolina 27710, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084017071","display_name":"Deborah Bursey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deborah Bursey","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the Departments of Pediatrics and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Departments of Pediatrics and","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.8228,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":436,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99192993,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"107","issue":"4","first_page":"e55","last_page":"e55"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10027","display_name":"Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins","score":0.6753000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10027","display_name":"Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins","score":0.6753000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10401","display_name":"Diabetes Treatment and Management","score":0.14550000429153442,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.03700000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metformin","display_name":"metformin","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes-prevention","display_name":"type 2 diabetes prevention","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adolescent-obesity","display_name":"adolescent obesity","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fasting-hyperinsulinemia","display_name":"fasting hyperinsulinemia","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-history-of-type-2-diabetes","display_name":"family history of type 2 diabetes","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-mass-index","display_name":"body mass index","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glucose-tolerance","display_name":"glucose tolerance","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leptin","display_name":"leptin","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serum-lipids","display_name":"serum lipids","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-resistance","display_name":"insulin resistance","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acanthosis-nigricans","display_name":"acanthosis nigricans","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polycystic-ovary-syndrome","display_name":"polycystic ovary syndrome","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-sensitizing-drugs","display_name":"insulin-sensitizing drugs","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prediabetes","display_name":"prediabetes","score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homa-ir","display_name":"HOMA-IR","score":0.5109999775886536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9363005757331848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780988686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14375936","display_name":"Hyperinsulinemia","level":4,"score":0.8047345876693726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.7566161751747131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.6795355677604675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.6766810417175293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131191","display_name":"Body mass index","level":2,"score":0.6680961847305298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780323712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19484","display_name":"Metformin","level":3,"score":0.6266544461250305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018442814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500816","display_name":"Polycystic ovary","level":4,"score":0.6037967801094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.5890098810195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2087205","display_name":"Impaired glucose tolerance","level":4,"score":0.5262621641159058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5115495920181274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777185836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3306264","display_name":"Impaired fasting glucose","level":5,"score":0.4597179889678955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332428","display_name":"Overweight","level":3,"score":0.43369990587234497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777391703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053470","display_name":"Insulin resistance","level":3,"score":0.3864439129829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001786","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001786","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001786","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001835","descriptor_name":"Body Weight","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001835","descriptor_name":"Body Weight","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005190","descriptor_name":"Family","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005951","descriptor_name":"Glucose Tolerance Test","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006946","descriptor_name":"Hyperinsulinism","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006946","descriptor_name":"Hyperinsulinism","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007004","descriptor_name":"Hypoglycemic Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007004","descriptor_name":"Hypoglycemic Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008687","descriptor_name":"Metformin","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008687","descriptor_name":"Metformin","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009765","descriptor_name":"Obesity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010865","descriptor_name":"Pilot Projects","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015897","descriptor_name":"Comorbidity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015992","descriptor_name":"Body Mass Index","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020738","descriptor_name":"Leptin","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1542/peds.107.4.e55","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.4.e55","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.4.e55","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S77494981","display_name":"PEDIATRICS","issn_l":"0031-4005","issn":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315734","host_organization_name":"American Academy of Pediatrics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315734"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Academy of Pediatrics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pediatrics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11335776","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11335776","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pediatrics","raw_type":"Clinical Trial"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/randomized-controlled-trial","display_name":"Randomized Controlled Trial"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical Trial"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G845704651","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MO 1 RR-30","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337375","funder_display_name":"National Center for Research Resources"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337375","display_name":"National Center for Research Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W27556544","https://openalex.org/W36168761","https://openalex.org/W56217460","https://openalex.org/W188389236","https://openalex.org/W1494791913","https://openalex.org/W1510398779","https://openalex.org/W1956874956","https://openalex.org/W1961705982","https://openalex.org/W1963529290","https://openalex.org/W1971822973","https://openalex.org/W1973457543","https://openalex.org/W1975400136","https://openalex.org/W1982269549","https://openalex.org/W1985157643","https://openalex.org/W2003062270","https://openalex.org/W2009433046","https://openalex.org/W2010760524","https://openalex.org/W2012852137","https://openalex.org/W2014318859","https://openalex.org/W2015694892","https://openalex.org/W2019478171","https://openalex.org/W2020737716","https://openalex.org/W2020782766","https://openalex.org/W2029563448","https://openalex.org/W2036400933","https://openalex.org/W2036939737","https://openalex.org/W2039851346","https://openalex.org/W2041166009","https://openalex.org/W2041249629","https://openalex.org/W2044057795","https://openalex.org/W2047587295","https://openalex.org/W2048343586","https://openalex.org/W2050758068","https://openalex.org/W2051313176","https://openalex.org/W2052887423","https://openalex.org/W2056311258","https://openalex.org/W2056347227","https://openalex.org/W2057524506","https://openalex.org/W2060468612","https://openalex.org/W2062078854","https://openalex.org/W2066122800","https://openalex.org/W2071723829","https://openalex.org/W2072752555","https://openalex.org/W2074909252","https://openalex.org/W2077199474","https://openalex.org/W2078935864","https://openalex.org/W2085743896","https://openalex.org/W2094579373","https://openalex.org/W2095267515","https://openalex.org/W2098686116","https://openalex.org/W2125598448","https://openalex.org/W2126327417","https://openalex.org/W2127283734","https://openalex.org/W2132427561","https://openalex.org/W2136359843","https://openalex.org/W2141065273","https://openalex.org/W2146865512","https://openalex.org/W2152591650","https://openalex.org/W2156353972","https://openalex.org/W2161709290","https://openalex.org/W2165785647","https://openalex.org/W2166577999","https://openalex.org/W2289499501","https://openalex.org/W2315982688","https://openalex.org/W2330179034","https://openalex.org/W2330505590","https://openalex.org/W2334309509","https://openalex.org/W2340586419","https://openalex.org/W2885752447","https://openalex.org/W4238678501","https://openalex.org/W4245367233"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W162521619","https://openalex.org/W2018157950","https://openalex.org/W2097171957","https://openalex.org/W1595649219","https://openalex.org/W2362324214","https://openalex.org/W7067661777","https://openalex.org/W46234111","https://openalex.org/W2119890307","https://openalex.org/W2123109832","https://openalex.org/W7005258688"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVES:":[0],"The":[1,144,264,282,502],"prevalence":[2],"of":[3,25,37,45,58,66,112,115,139,148,224,261,266,297,352,399,479,489,496,504,538,546,554,588,597],"type":[4,26,46,67,140,187,520,547,598],"2":[5,27,47,68,141,188,521,548,599],"diabetes":[6,28,48,522,549,600],"in":[7,87,93,100,129,301,303,313,316,332,345,360,374,434,456,466,487,509,565,601],"American":[8],"adolescents":[9,131,153],"has":[10],"increased":[11,54,432],"markedly":[12],"during":[13,336],"the":[14,18,23,35,59,64,95,113,333,337,375,397,406,435,439,467,477,515,539,552,586,595],"past":[15],"generation.":[16],"Although":[17],"factors":[19],"that":[20,81,83,104,560],"contribute":[21],"to":[22,63,97,156,248,354,366,382,402,519,528,562,570,579],"development":[24,57,211],"are":[29],"complex":[30],"and":[31,41,73,126,135,151,177,199,209,277,286,309,321,329,357,385,405,419,506,536,557,575,578,590,593],"not":[32,390,448],"wholly":[33],"elucidated,":[34],"triad":[36],"severe":[38,218],"obesity,":[39],"hyperinsulinemia,":[40],"a":[42,50,108,136,170,238,256,259,295,310,342,350,358,543],"family":[43,137,544],"history":[44,138,545],"places":[49],"child":[51],"at":[52,179],"an":[53],"risk":[55,596],"for":[56,166,212,258],"disease.":[60],"Current":[61],"approaches":[62],"prevention":[65],"diabetes,":[69],"including":[70,237],"dietary":[71,290,589],"counseling":[72,592],"exercise,":[74],"have":[75,524],"had":[76,160,192,205,230],"limited":[77],"success.":[78],"We":[79],"reasoned":[80],"drugs":[82],"increase":[84],"glucose":[85,98,124,195,242,275,348,372,403,457,563,574],"tolerance":[86,243],"diabetic":[88],"patients":[89,191,245],"might":[90,584],"prove":[91],"useful":[92],"preventing":[94],"progression":[96],"intolerance":[99,564],"high-risk":[101],"patients.":[102,480,603],"To":[103],"end,":[105],"we":[106],"conducted":[107],"double-blind,":[109],"placebo-controlled":[110],"study":[111,145,283,304],"effects":[114,265,587],"metformin":[116,250,267,468,583],"on":[117,268],"body":[118],"mass":[119],"index":[120,411,425],"(BMI),":[121],"serum":[122,127,273,278,314,322,461,464],"leptin,":[123,274],"tolerance,":[125,276],"lipids":[128,279],"obese":[130,540],"with":[132,186,214,542],"fasting":[133,171,193,346,361,371,386,400,413,417,429,572],"hyperinsulinemia":[134],"diabetes.":[142,189],"METHODS:":[143],"population":[146],"consisted":[147],"29":[149],"white":[150],"black":[152],"aged":[154],"12":[155],"19":[157],"years.":[158],"All":[159,190,204],"BMIs":[161],"exceeding":[162,174],"30":[163],"kg/m(2).":[164],"Criteria":[165],"enrollment":[167],"included:":[168],"1)":[169],"insulin":[172,362,387,401,408,414,423,427,440,507,558,576],"concentration":[173],"15":[175],"microU/mL;":[176],"2)":[178],"least":[180],"1":[181],"first-":[182],"or":[183,220,255,463,469,484,498],"second-degree":[184],"relative":[185],"plasma":[194],"concentrations":[196,202,404,577],"<110":[197],"mg%":[198],"hemoglobin":[200,459],"A1c":[201],"</=6.0%.":[203],"normal":[206],"linear":[207],"growth":[208],"sexual":[210],"age,":[213],"no":[215,288,453,494],"marked":[216],"hirsutism,":[217],"acne,":[219],"menstrual":[221],"irregularities":[222],"characteristic":[223],"polycystic":[225],"ovary":[226],"syndrome.":[227],"Eight":[228],"participants":[229,305],"acanthosis":[231],"nigricans.":[232],"After":[233],"baseline":[234],"laboratory":[235],"studies":[236],"rapidly":[239],"sampled":[240],"intravenous":[241],"test,":[244],"were":[246,280,451,493],"randomized":[247],"receive":[249],"(500":[251],"mg":[252],"twice":[253],"daily)":[254],"placebo":[257,334,376,470],"total":[260],"6":[262],"months.":[263],"BMI":[269,302,320],"standard":[270,299,326],"deviation":[271,300,327],"score,":[272],"analyzed.":[281],"was":[284,473],"double-blinded":[285],"included":[287],"specific":[289],"restrictions.":[291],"RESULTS:":[292],"Metformin":[293,340,472],"caused":[294,341],"decline":[296,344],"0.12":[298],"(-1.3%":[306],"from":[307,380],"baseline),":[308],"5.5%":[311],"reduction":[312,359],"leptin":[315,323],"girls.":[317],"In":[318,369],"contrast,":[319,370],"rose":[324,378],"0.23":[325],"(2.3%)":[328],"16.2%,":[330],"respectively,":[331],"group":[335,377],"treatment":[338,503],"period.":[339],"progressive":[343],"blood":[347,573],"(from":[349,364],"mean":[351],"84.9":[353],"75.1":[355],"mg%)":[356],"levels":[363,373,388],"31.3":[365],"19.3":[367],"microU/mL).":[368],"slightly":[379,433],"77.2":[381],"82.3":[383],"mg%,":[384],"did":[389,447],"change.":[391,449],"Insulin":[392],"sensitivity,":[393],"as":[394],"assessed":[395],"by":[396,476],"ratio":[398],"quantitative":[407],"sensitivity":[409,441],"check":[410],"(1/[log":[412],"+":[415],"log":[416],"glucose])":[418],"homeostasis":[420],"model":[421,446],"assessment":[422],"resistance":[424,508,559],"(fasting":[426],"x":[428],"glucose/22.5)":[430],"indices,":[431],"metformin-treated":[436],"participants.":[437],"However,":[438],"measured":[442],"using":[443],"Bergman's":[444],"minimal":[445],"There":[450],"also":[452],"significant":[454],"changes":[455],"effectiveness,":[458],"A1c,":[460],"lipids,":[462],"lactate":[465],"groups.":[471],"tolerated":[474],"well":[475],"majority":[478],"Transient":[481],"abdominal":[482],"discomfort":[483],"diarrhea":[485],"occurred":[486],"40%":[488],"treated":[490],"participants;":[491],"there":[492],"episodes":[495],"vomiting":[497],"lactic":[499],"acidosis.":[500],"CONCLUSIONS:":[501],"obesity":[505],"adults":[510],"often":[511],"proves":[512],"ineffective":[513],"because":[514],"vicious":[516],"cycle":[517,553],"leading":[518],"may":[523,531,550],"become":[525],"entrenched":[526],"and,":[527],"some":[529],"extent,":[530],"be":[532],"irreversible.":[533],"Early":[534],"detection":[535],"therapy":[537],"adolescent":[541],"interrupt":[551],"weight":[555,581],"gain":[556],"leads":[561],"adulthood.":[566],"Through":[567],"its":[568],"ability":[569],"reduce":[571,594],"moderate":[580],"gain,":[582],"complement":[585],"exercise":[591],"selected":[602]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
