{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2010750219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03056249908704399","title":"Warfare, endemic violence & state collapse in Africa","display_name":"Warfare, endemic violence & state collapse in Africa","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2010750219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03056249908704399","mag":"2010750219"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/03056249908704399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03056249908704399","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03056249908704399","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36169284","display_name":"Review of African Political Economy","issn_l":"0305-6244","issn":["0305-6244","1740-1720"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Review of African Political Economy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03056249908704399","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044684202","display_name":"Chris Allen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4897-5777","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4897-5777"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chris Allen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044684202"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.4319,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":96,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97663698,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"81","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11823","display_name":"Natural Resources and Economic Development","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13162","display_name":"African Studies and Ethnography","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-collapse","display_name":"state collapse","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endemic-violence","display_name":"endemic violence","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/war","display_name":"war","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-politics","display_name":"African politics","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-violence","display_name":"political violence","score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-decline","display_name":"economic decline","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-of-the-cold-war","display_name":"end of the Cold War","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/globalization","display_name":"globalization","score":0.45899999141693115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6547492146492004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.6152303218841553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777054862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q392160","display_name":"Failed state","level":3,"score":0.5612977147102356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777162435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399774","display_name":"Political violence","level":3,"score":0.536483883857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50335755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483247","display_name":"Phenomenon","level":2,"score":0.5363636612892151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.5325614213943481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2119116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181","display_name":"Globalization","level":2,"score":0.4508665204048157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.42442643642425537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.4089524745941162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.4088613986968994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3357897400856018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.26816362142562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.19020363688468933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/03056249908704399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03056249908704399","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03056249908704399","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36169284","display_name":"Review of African Political Economy","issn_l":"0305-6244","issn":["0305-6244","1740-1720"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Review of African Political Economy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:taf:revape:v:26:y:1999:i:81:p:367-384","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/03056249908704399","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/03056249908704399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03056249908704399","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03056249908704399","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36169284","display_name":"Review of African Political Economy","issn_l":"0305-6244","issn":["0305-6244","1740-1720"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Review of African Political Economy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W121360568","https://openalex.org/W167024707","https://openalex.org/W273141980","https://openalex.org/W302026673","https://openalex.org/W574104026","https://openalex.org/W586305044","https://openalex.org/W616955876","https://openalex.org/W972796992","https://openalex.org/W1505185041","https://openalex.org/W1531066878","https://openalex.org/W1541626522","https://openalex.org/W1546637377","https://openalex.org/W1944056186","https://openalex.org/W1998286436","https://openalex.org/W2002950885","https://openalex.org/W2006104607","https://openalex.org/W2007627196","https://openalex.org/W2010144514","https://openalex.org/W2010535371","https://openalex.org/W2011736529","https://openalex.org/W2012885120","https://openalex.org/W2016549847","https://openalex.org/W2016905054","https://openalex.org/W2018096872","https://openalex.org/W2018153003","https://openalex.org/W2033520989","https://openalex.org/W2039304962","https://openalex.org/W2042693450","https://openalex.org/W2055738935","https://openalex.org/W2070686633","https://openalex.org/W2094353352","https://openalex.org/W2095714582","https://openalex.org/W2109451465","https://openalex.org/W2111162253","https://openalex.org/W2127120014","https://openalex.org/W2267047682","https://openalex.org/W2345344466","https://openalex.org/W2346388504","https://openalex.org/W2481265265","https://openalex.org/W2592043868","https://openalex.org/W2603465286","https://openalex.org/W2734778066","https://openalex.org/W2795411736","https://openalex.org/W2799698936","https://openalex.org/W2800217865","https://openalex.org/W2801120836","https://openalex.org/W2803728193","https://openalex.org/W2894325539","https://openalex.org/W3182019369","https://openalex.org/W4297986779","https://openalex.org/W4298114966","https://openalex.org/W4362689300","https://openalex.org/W6625500446","https://openalex.org/W6843827702","https://openalex.org/W6851855770"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1748853002","https://openalex.org/W2907011942","https://openalex.org/W2131358351","https://openalex.org/W7199529630","https://openalex.org/W2915193430","https://openalex.org/W2563033816","https://openalex.org/W1992787686","https://openalex.org/W4376061143","https://openalex.org/W2977341758","https://openalex.org/W2905065902"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"African":[0],"politics":[1],"in":[2,17,26,90,173,184,192,253],"the":[3,20,23,34,50,55,58,87,100,113,120,143,167,174,179,188,196,204,217,220,249],"nineties":[4],"have":[5,39],"been":[6],"marked":[7],"by":[8,211],"a":[9,27,241],"series":[10],"of":[11,14,22,30,36,52,57,81,103,136,146,160,162,170,181,190,198,206,219,243,251],"violent":[12],"breakdowns":[13],"order,":[15],"and":[16,63,128,153,155,216,233,240],"some":[18],"cases":[19,161,172,194],"disappearance":[21],"central":[24,101],"state,":[25,60],"large":[28],"number":[29],"states.":[31],"Attempts":[32],"at":[33],"analysis":[35],"this":[37],"phenomenon":[38],"involved":[40],"several":[41,147],"different":[42,148],"but":[43,115,237],"complementary":[44],"approaches,":[45],"notably":[46],"those":[47,171],"invoking":[48],"globalisation,":[49],"economics":[51],"\u2018new\u2019":[53],"war,":[54],"crisis":[56],"neopatrimonial":[59],"or":[61,77,96],"social":[62],"cultural":[64],"factors":[65],"as":[66,84,98,112,133],"keys":[67],"to":[68,74,86,195],"explanation.":[69],"These":[70],"either":[71],"confine":[72],"themselves":[73,99],"case":[75],"studies,":[76],"treat":[78,94],"all":[79],"instances":[80],"endemic":[82,125,163],"violence":[83,95,126,164,176,191,231,252],"open":[85],"same":[88],"analysis,":[89],"part":[91],"because":[92],"they":[93],"warfare":[97],"objects":[102],"analysis.":[104],"An":[105],"alternative":[106],"approach":[107,140],"does":[108],"not":[109],"see":[110],"\u2018war\u2019":[111],"problem,":[114],"is":[116],"instead":[117],"concerned":[118],"with":[119,178,248],"historical":[121,149],"circumstances":[122],"within":[123],"which":[124,129,165],"occurs":[127],"can":[130],"be":[131],"seen":[132],"possible":[134],"causes":[135],"that":[137,255],"violence.":[138],"This":[139],"allows":[141],"for":[142],"simultaneous":[144],"existence":[145],"sequences":[150],"involving":[151],"war":[152],"violence,":[154],"identifies":[156],"one":[157],"key":[158],"category":[159],"covers":[166],"great":[168],"majority":[169],"nineties:":[175],"associated":[177],"process":[180,242],"state":[182,244],"collapse":[183,245],"Africa.":[185],"It":[186],"attributes":[187],"origins":[189],"these":[193],"degeneration":[197],"their":[199,207],"\u2018spoils":[200],"politics\u2019":[201],"systems":[202,225],"under":[203],"impact":[205],"internal":[208],"dynamics,":[209],"accelerated":[210],"economic":[212],"decline":[213],"since":[214],"1980":[215],"end":[218],"Cold":[221],"War.":[222],"As":[223],"spoils":[224],"develop":[226],"into":[227],"\u2018terminal":[228],"spoils\u2019,":[229],"so":[230],"intensifies":[232],"takes":[234],"on":[235],"new":[236],"necessary":[238],"forms,":[239],"begins,":[246],"interacting":[247],"growth":[250],"ways":[254],"accelerate":[256],"both.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}