{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2010693376","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1980.00021962007200050020x","title":"Close\u2010Grown Tobacco: Agronomic Characteristics, Total Alkaloid, and Sugar Content1","display_name":"Close\u2010Grown Tobacco: Agronomic Characteristics, Total Alkaloid, and Sugar Content1","publication_year":1980,"publication_date":"1980-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2010693376","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1980.00021962007200050020x","mag":"2010693376"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2134/agronj1980.00021962007200050020x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1980.00021962007200050020x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1980.00021962007200050020x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139950591","display_name":"Agronomy Journal","issn_l":"0002-1962","issn":["0002-1962","1072-9623","1435-0645"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111830796","display_name":"C. Ray Campbell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. R. Campbell","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055721160","display_name":"James F. Chaplin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. F. Chaplin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111469373","display_name":"W. H. Johnson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. H. Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046179890","display_name":"Gordon S. Miner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336096307","display_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. S. Miner","raw_affiliation_strings":["The authors are, respectively, superintendent, Oxford Tobacco Research Station, North Carolina Dep. of Agric. and research agronomist, Oxford Tobacco Research Laboratory, ARSEA, USDA, Oxford, NC 27565; professor, Dep. of Biol. and Agric. Eng. and associate professor, Dep. of Soil Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27607","The authors are, respectively, superintendent, Oxford Tobacco Research Station, North Carolina Dep. of Agric. and research agronomist, Oxford Tobacco Research Laboratory, ARSEA, USDA, Oxford, NC 27565","professor, Dep. of Biol. and Agric. Eng. and associate professor, Dep. of Soil Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27607"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The authors are, respectively, superintendent, Oxford Tobacco Research Station, North Carolina Dep. of Agric. and research agronomist, Oxford Tobacco Research Laboratory, ARSEA, USDA, Oxford, NC 27565; professor, Dep. of Biol. and Agric. Eng. and associate professor, Dep. of Soil Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27607","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The authors are, respectively, superintendent, Oxford Tobacco Research Station, North Carolina Dep. of Agric. and research agronomist, Oxford Tobacco Research Laboratory, ARSEA, USDA, Oxford, NC 27565","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"professor, Dep. of Biol. and Agric. Eng. and associate professor, Dep. of Soil Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27607","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1800},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"5","first_page":"773","last_page":"776"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12310","display_name":"Crop Yield and Soil Fertility","score":0.8589000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12310","display_name":"Crop Yield and Soil Fertility","score":0.8589000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12754","display_name":"Plant Growth and Agriculture Techniques","score":0.0551999993622303,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12294","display_name":"Agricultural Science and Fertilization","score":0.02410000003874302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flue-cured-tobacco","display_name":"flue-cured tobacco","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nicotiana-tabacum","display_name":"tobacco","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-density","display_name":"plant density","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrogen-fertilization","display_name":"nitrogen fertilization","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topping","display_name":"topping","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-alkaloid-content","display_name":"total alkaloids","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reducing-sugars","display_name":"reducing sugars","score":0.9879999756813049}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781180263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4363067","display_name":"Topping","level":2,"score":0.8594624996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779560860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17103642","display_name":"Stalk","level":2,"score":0.817896842956543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113578266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131303","display_name":"Loam","level":3,"score":0.7603195905685425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122519844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5194754","display_name":"Curing of tobacco","level":2,"score":0.7242473363876343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777108408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11002","display_name":"Sugar","level":2,"score":0.5936969518661499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15228724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192576","display_name":"Pith","level":2,"score":0.5483194589614868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.5341721177101135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777989353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5985227","display_name":"Lamina","level":2,"score":0.52635657787323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781205006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181095","display_name":"Nicotiana tabacum","level":3,"score":0.5154500603675842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168741863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q777671","display_name":"Sowing","level":2,"score":0.4932798743247986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.48693668842315674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.470276415348053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.43783923983573914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.4281143248081207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.3425021767616272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3204556703567505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.1630629599094391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.09916481375694275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.09062638878822327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2134/agronj1980.00021962007200050020x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1980.00021962007200050020x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1980.00021962007200050020x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139950591","display_name":"Agronomy Journal","issn_l":"0002-1962","issn":["0002-1962","1072-9623","1435-0645"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8409000039100647,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2027074184","https://openalex.org/W2034187211","https://openalex.org/W2128309158","https://openalex.org/W1981490857","https://openalex.org/W2591905132","https://openalex.org/W2025700843","https://openalex.org/W1972379674","https://openalex.org/W2056888219","https://openalex.org/W2040542310","https://openalex.org/W2052968539"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,87,100],"development":[2],"of":[3,18,36,49,60,120,127,195,264],"synthetic":[4],"smoking":[5],"materials":[6],"has":[7],"prompted":[8],"researchers":[9],"to":[10,40,150,218],"consider":[11],"non\u2010conventional":[12],"production":[13,251],"methods":[14],"as":[15,148],"a":[16,20,90],"means":[17],"producing":[19],"low":[21],"cost,":[22],"flue\u2010cured":[23,104],"tobacco":[24,213,266],"(Nicotiana":[25],"tabacum":[26],"L.)":[27],"material":[28,130,160],"which":[29],"might":[30,267],"be":[31,245,268],"used":[32],"in":[33,55],"the":[34,56,128,193,201,249,255],"manufacture":[35],"cigarettes.":[37],"In":[38],"order":[39],"evaluate":[41],"yield":[42,113,190],"potential,":[43],"chemical":[44,115,122,259],"content,":[45,123],"and":[46,63,77,80,105,110,114,124,145,157,197,200,234,253,261],"physical":[47,125,262],"characteristics":[48,126,263],"close\u2010grown":[50,250,265],"tobacco,":[51],"plants":[52,139,162,222],"were":[53],"grown":[54],"field":[57],"at":[58],"populations":[59],"45,448,":[61],"90,896,":[62],"136,344/ha":[64],"with":[65,168],"different":[66],"planting":[67],"designs":[68],"(twin":[69],"or":[70,84,178],"equidistant),":[71],"nitrogen":[72],"levels":[73],"(84,":[74],"168,":[75],"252,":[76],"336":[78,224],"kg/ha),":[79],"topping":[81],"regimes":[82],"(topping":[83],"no":[85,183],"topping).":[86],"soil":[88],"was":[89,103,131],"Durham":[91],"loamy":[92],"sand":[93],"(fine":[94],"loamy,":[95],"siliceous,":[96],"thermic,":[97],"Typic":[98],"Hapudult).":[99],"entire":[101,256],"plant":[102,175],"separated":[106],"into":[107],"lamina,":[108,142,152],"midrib,":[109,144,154],"stalk":[111,147,203],"for":[112,161,210,220,232,236],"analysis.":[116],"A":[117],"wide":[118],"range":[119],"yield,":[121],"harvested":[129],"produced":[132],"by":[133,247,270],"manipulating":[134,271],"various":[135],"cultural":[136,272],"practices.":[137,273],"Topped":[138],"averaged":[140,230],"26%":[141],"12%":[143],"62%":[146],"compared":[149],"19%":[151],"10%":[153],"54%":[155],"stalk,":[156],"17%":[158],"top":[159],"not":[163],"topped.":[164],"Yields":[165],"increased":[166,174,192],"progressively":[167],"N\u2010rate":[169],"through":[170],"252":[171],"kg/ha":[172],"and/or":[173],"population.":[176],"Twin":[177],"equidistant":[179],"row":[180],"spacing":[181],"had":[182],"effect":[184],"on":[185],"yield.":[186],"Topping":[187],"decreased":[188],"whole\u2010plant":[189],"but":[191],"concentration":[194],"alkaloids":[196,206],"reducing":[198,228],"sugars":[199,229],"lamina:":[202],"ratio.":[204],"Total":[205,227],"ranged":[207],"from":[208],"0.18%":[209],"wholeplant":[211],"nontopped":[212,233],"receiving":[214,223],"84":[215],"kg":[216,225],"N/ha":[217],"0.84%":[219],"topped":[221,237],"N/ha.":[226],"8.0":[231],"9.6%":[235],"plants.":[238],"Results":[239],"indicate":[240],"that":[241],"high":[242],"yields":[243],"can":[244],"obtained":[246,269],"utilizing":[248],"system":[252],"harvesting":[254],"plant.":[257],"Desirable":[258],"content":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}