{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2010595692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/146370.146380","title":"Techniques for automatically correcting words in text","display_name":"Techniques for automatically correcting words in text","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2010595692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/146370.146380","mag":"2010595692"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/146370.146380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/146370.146380","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/146370.146380","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/146370.146380","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2010595692"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/146370.146380","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056855678","display_name":"Karen Kukich","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Karen Kukich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bellcore, Morristown, NJ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bellcore, Morristown, NJ","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056855678"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.0407,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1272,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97378717,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"4","first_page":"377","last_page":"439"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2614","display_name":"Theoretical Computer Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-spelling-correction","display_name":"automatic spelling correction","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/n-gram-analysis","display_name":"n-gram analysis","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-matching","display_name":"pattern matching","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-language-models","display_name":"statistical language models","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"natural language processing","score":0.7829999923706055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8919036984443665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777801307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088390","display_name":"Spelling","level":2,"score":0.8692910671234131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.6909363269805908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6885009407997131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6625564098358154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6365669369697571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5741897821426392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4633643329143524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.45507940649986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.45469748973846436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018824978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2894891","display_name":"Error analysis","level":2,"score":0.4150850176811218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.17464974522590637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.12500914931297302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.06457361578941345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/146370.146380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/146370.146380","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/146370.146380","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/146370.146380","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/146370.146380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/146370.146380","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/146370.146380","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/146370.146380","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2010595692.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2010595692.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":154,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W23758216","https://openalex.org/W24953193","https://openalex.org/W28707110","https://openalex.org/W45853363","https://openalex.org/W56030152","https://openalex.org/W75709666","https://openalex.org/W131789364","https://openalex.org/W156822316","https://openalex.org/W211008025","https://openalex.org/W272752870","https://openalex.org/W1501400124","https://openalex.org/W1510232673","https://openalex.org/W1517504840","https://openalex.org/W1531802508","https://openalex.org/W1536631629","https://openalex.org/W1540025535","https://openalex.org/W1561374470","https://openalex.org/W1564013439","https://openalex.org/W1630257733","https://openalex.org/W1647671624","https://openalex.org/W1647770672","https://openalex.org/W1833210519","https://openalex.org/W1833785989","https://openalex.org/W1843794050","https://openalex.org/W1848234245","https://openalex.org/W1897795992","https://openalex.org/W1915703799","https://openalex.org/W1917903422","https://openalex.org/W1960020614","https://openalex.org/W1964988744","https://openalex.org/W1966812932","https://openalex.org/W1967703013","https://openalex.org/W1970026646","https://openalex.org/W1970826534","https://openalex.org/W1970863077","https://openalex.org/W1972099155","https://openalex.org/W1972771321","https://openalex.org/W1977126530","https://openalex.org/W1979622972","https://openalex.org/W1979649888","https://openalex.org/W1979716355","https://openalex.org/W1980545854","https://openalex.org/W1981582063","https://openalex.org/W1985177845","https://openalex.org/W1985424161","https://openalex.org/W1986652389","https://openalex.org/W1986981055","https://openalex.org/W1988329218","https://openalex.org/W1993241979","https://openalex.org/W1994488920","https://openalex.org/W1995426156","https://openalex.org/W1997204547","https://openalex.org/W2000390976","https://openalex.org/W2002020672","https://openalex.org/W2002938383","https://openalex.org/W2006807136","https://openalex.org/W2008819433","https://openalex.org/W2010392031","https://openalex.org/W2010986907","https://openalex.org/W2011725019","https://openalex.org/W2013413947","https://openalex.org/W2016768890","https://openalex.org/W2016871293","https://openalex.org/W2018616927","https://openalex.org/W2023162099","https://openalex.org/W2023358833","https://openalex.org/W2023377626","https://openalex.org/W2031639458","https://openalex.org/W2032579751","https://openalex.org/W2034163998","https://openalex.org/W2038061533","https://openalex.org/W2039262760","https://openalex.org/W2041167780","https://openalex.org/W2045340460","https://openalex.org/W2046980440","https://openalex.org/W2047744234","https://openalex.org/W2049216468","https://openalex.org/W2052749048","https://openalex.org/W2054882906","https://openalex.org/W2055247965","https://openalex.org/W2055846397","https://openalex.org/W2061141062","https://openalex.org/W2061271742","https://openalex.org/W2061681083","https://openalex.org/W2062235741","https://openalex.org/W2065533756","https://openalex.org/W2066102695","https://openalex.org/W2066393772","https://openalex.org/W2066792529","https://openalex.org/W2068574914","https://openalex.org/W2068868410","https://openalex.org/W2071663716","https://openalex.org/W2072223048","https://openalex.org/W2073257493","https://openalex.org/W2073317977","https://openalex.org/W2073510489","https://openalex.org/W2075207372","https://openalex.org/W2078591799","https://openalex.org/W2082092506","https://openalex.org/W2087824626","https://openalex.org/W2088331980","https://openalex.org/W2088381812","https://openalex.org/W2088442210","https://openalex.org/W2088534712","https://openalex.org/W2088534759","https://openalex.org/W2088580615","https://openalex.org/W2094953319","https://openalex.org/W2097333193","https://openalex.org/W2097486270","https://openalex.org/W2099345940","https://openalex.org/W2099964107","https://openalex.org/W2108263626","https://openalex.org/W2109469864","https://openalex.org/W2109812833","https://openalex.org/W2111192396","https://openalex.org/W2113283255","https://openalex.org/W2117641373","https://openalex.org/W2118445761","https://openalex.org/W2121227244","https://openalex.org/W2124226796","https://openalex.org/W2126477387","https://openalex.org/W2129139611","https://openalex.org/W2129659923","https://openalex.org/W2131501330","https://openalex.org/W2136817411","https://openalex.org/W2140482227","https://openalex.org/W2142384583","https://openalex.org/W2147152072","https://openalex.org/W2151587853","https://openalex.org/W2152118060","https://openalex.org/W2154642048","https://openalex.org/W2155818555","https://openalex.org/W2157976537","https://openalex.org/W2161123931","https://openalex.org/W2162861726","https://openalex.org/W2165991032","https://openalex.org/W2169960951","https://openalex.org/W2281695005","https://openalex.org/W2316904474","https://openalex.org/W2337480916","https://openalex.org/W2748837517","https://openalex.org/W2766736793","https://openalex.org/W2796610752","https://openalex.org/W2913478569","https://openalex.org/W2914626248","https://openalex.org/W3027900649","https://openalex.org/W3099744853","https://openalex.org/W4212774754","https://openalex.org/W4234159136","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4300542707","https://openalex.org/W6631193644","https://openalex.org/W6669496783","https://openalex.org/W6845083439"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2114615001","https://openalex.org/W2086283184","https://openalex.org/W2115652103","https://openalex.org/W2016871293","https://openalex.org/W2440474652","https://openalex.org/W2166655588","https://openalex.org/W2110651927","https://openalex.org/W2401825159","https://openalex.org/W2888268212"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Research":[0],"aimed":[1],"at":[2],"correcting":[3],"words":[4],"in":[5,50,148],"text":[6],"has":[7],"focused":[8],"on":[9,78,109],"three":[10,142],"progressively":[11],"more":[12],"difficult":[13],"problems:(1)":[14],"nonword":[15,117],"error":[16,20,83,111,121,146],"detection;":[17],"(2)":[18],"isolated-word":[19,120],"correction;":[21],"and":[22,35,65,119,135],"(3)":[23],"context-dependent":[24,131],"work":[25],"correction.":[26],"In":[27,55,85],"response":[28,56,86],"to":[29,57,87,140],"the":[30,58,88,125,128],"first":[31],"problem,":[32,60,90],"efficient":[33],"pattern-matching":[34],"n":[36],"-gram":[37],"analysis":[38],"techniques":[39,69],"have":[40,70,100],"been":[41,71,101],"developed":[42],"for":[43],"detecting":[44],"strings":[45],"that":[46],"do":[47],"not":[48],"appear":[49],"a":[51,61,91],"given":[52],"word":[53,132],"list.":[54],"second":[59],"variety":[62],"of":[63,74,81,115,127,130,144],"general":[64],"application-specific":[66],"spelling":[67,82,110],"correction":[68,122,133,147],"developed.":[72],"Some":[73],"them":[75],"were":[76],"based":[77],"detailed":[79],"studies":[80],"patterns.":[84],"third":[89],"few":[92],"experiments":[93],"using":[94],"natural-language-processing":[95],"tools":[96],"or":[97],"statistical-language":[98],"models":[99],"carried":[102],"out.":[103],"This":[104],"article":[105],"surveys":[106],"documented":[107],"findings":[108],"patterns,":[112],"provides":[113],"descriptions":[114],"various":[116],"detection":[118],"techniques,":[123,134],"reviews":[124],"state":[126],"art":[129],"discusses":[136],"research":[137],"issues":[138],"related":[139],"all":[141],"areas":[143],"automatic":[145],"text.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":76},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":67},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":82}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}