{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2010548016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.78.5.373","title":"Parental involvement, homework, and TV time: Direct and indirect effects on high school achievement.","display_name":"Parental involvement, homework, and TV time: Direct and indirect effects on high school achievement.","publication_year":1986,"publication_date":"1986-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2010548016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.78.5.373","mag":"2010548016"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037//0022-0663.78.5.373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.78.5.373","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.78.5.373","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61703936","display_name":"Journal of Educational Psychology","issn_l":"0022-0663","issn":["0022-0663","1939-2176"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Educational Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076497951","display_name":"Timothy Z. Keith","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy Z. Keith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Educational Psychology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Educational Psychology","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025667950","display_name":"Thomas M. Reimers","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas M. Reimers","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Iowa, "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa, ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089627154","display_name":"Paul G. Fehrmann","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul G. Fehrmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Iowa, "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa, ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017898449","display_name":"Sheila M. Pottebaum","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheila M. Pottebaum","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Iowa, "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa, ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079928741","display_name":"Linda W. Aubey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linda W. Aubey","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Iowa, "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa, ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.908,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":300,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99592475,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"78","issue":"5","first_page":"373","last_page":"380"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11676","display_name":"Parental Involvement in Education","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11676","display_name":"Parental Involvement in Education","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13929","display_name":"Educational Outcomes and Influences","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parental-involvement","display_name":"parental involvement","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homework","display_name":"homework","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/television-viewing","display_name":"television viewing","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-school-seniors","display_name":"high school seniors","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indirect-effects","display_name":"indirect effects","score":0.5910000205039978}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8229755163192749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.5303545594215393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781206393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2748419","display_name":"Academic achievement","level":2,"score":0.5176520943641663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3850015699863434}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037//0022-0663.78.5.373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.78.5.373","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.78.5.373","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61703936","display_name":"Journal of Educational Psychology","issn_l":"0022-0663","issn":["0022-0663","1939-2176"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Educational Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037/0022-0663.78.5.373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.78.5.373","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.78.5.373","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61703936","display_name":"Journal of Educational Psychology","issn_l":"0022-0663","issn":["0022-0663","1939-2176"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Educational Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9235000014305115,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W57739650","https://openalex.org/W82465792","https://openalex.org/W183684436","https://openalex.org/W361338359","https://openalex.org/W394726913","https://openalex.org/W1530709999","https://openalex.org/W1557591406","https://openalex.org/W1726388579","https://openalex.org/W1967405512","https://openalex.org/W1967591583","https://openalex.org/W1992436773","https://openalex.org/W1995539549","https://openalex.org/W2010400517","https://openalex.org/W2019973161","https://openalex.org/W2024919699","https://openalex.org/W2030155129","https://openalex.org/W2038836819","https://openalex.org/W2046117251","https://openalex.org/W2049850220","https://openalex.org/W2057563009","https://openalex.org/W2058292351","https://openalex.org/W2067124779","https://openalex.org/W2067889166","https://openalex.org/W2076332451","https://openalex.org/W2106911029","https://openalex.org/W2122287742","https://openalex.org/W2144631945","https://openalex.org/W2154409767","https://openalex.org/W2159401492","https://openalex.org/W2975250443","https://openalex.org/W3116129259","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2050243461","https://openalex.org/W3183207996","https://openalex.org/W4405570953","https://openalex.org/W2000060068","https://openalex.org/W2591838691","https://openalex.org/W2993975130","https://openalex.org/W828146138","https://openalex.org/W2988453828","https://openalex.org/W3207692333","https://openalex.org/W7070272105"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,214],"current":[1,170,181,365],"concern":[2,178],"over":[3,179],"the":[4,10,14,59,62,83,124,136,149,169,180,203,207,235,240,248,257,352,355,370,392],"state":[5,182],"of":[6,67,126,138,143,183,189,206,244,306,354,372],"American":[7,184,298,334],"education":[8,344],"highlights":[9],"need":[11],"to":[12,48,199,221,239,283,382],"understand":[13],"important":[15],"influences":[16,22,393],"on":[17,74,99,116,131,152,159,210,260,287,394],"school":[18,76,395],"learning,":[19,323],"especially":[20],"those":[21,222],"that":[23,53,128,163,297,305,322,338,343],"are":[24,43,374,397],"potentially":[25],"manipulable.":[26],"Parental":[27,110],"involvement":[28,73,111],"in":[29,168,191,202,212,247,289,312,333],"students'":[30,299],"academic":[31,50,329],"and":[32,39,64,71,87,102,142,154,156,314,404],"social":[33],"lives,":[34],"time":[35,104,127,150],"spent":[36,130,151],"doing":[37],"homework,":[38,70],"leisure":[40],"TV":[41,68,103,146,153],"viewing":[42],"three":[44],"variables":[45,52,165],"generally":[46],"considered":[47,167,254],"influence":[49,123,158],"achievement,":[51,101,160,330],"may":[54,345],"also":[55],"be":[56,166,253,346],"interrelated.":[57],"In":[58],"present":[60],"study,":[61],"direct":[63,114],"indirect":[65],"effects":[66],"time,":[69],"parental":[72],"high":[75],"seniors'":[77,117],"achievement":[78,118,259,300],"were":[79],"investigated":[80],"by":[81,304,328],"using":[82],"massive":[84],"High":[85],"School":[86],"Beyond":[88],"data":[89],"set.":[90],"As":[91],"expected,":[92],"homework":[93,140,155],"had":[94,105,112],"an":[95],"important,":[96],"positive":[97],"effect":[98,115],"student":[100],"a":[106,336],"smaller,":[107],"negative":[108],"effect.":[109],"no":[113],"scores":[119,278],"but":[120],"did":[121],"positively":[122],"amount":[125],"seniors":[129],"homework.":[132],"Further":[133],"analysis":[134],"suggested":[135,296],"possibilities":[137],"low":[139],"demands":[141],"excessive":[144],"weekday":[145],"viewing.":[147],"Given":[148],"their":[157,307],"we":[161],"suggest":[162],"these":[164],"push":[171],"for":[172,196,234],"educational":[173],"improvement.":[174],"There":[175],"is":[176,264,301],"much":[177],"education.":[185],"This":[186],"latest":[187],"round":[188],"interest":[190],"public":[192],"schooling,":[193],"although":[194,217],"building":[195],"years,":[197],"seems":[198,321,339,361],"have":[200,226,295],"crystallized":[201],"1983":[204],"report":[205],"National":[208],"Commission":[209,286],"Excellence":[211,288],"Education.":[213],"commission's":[215,356],"findings,":[216],"probably":[218],"not":[219],"surprising":[220],"familiar":[223],"with":[224,369],"education,":[225],"perhaps":[227],"never":[228],"been":[229],"spelled":[230],"out":[231],"so":[232],"clearly":[233],"general":[236],"public.":[237],"According":[238],"report,":[241],"about":[242],"13%":[243],"all":[245],"17-ycarolds":[246],"United":[249],"States":[250],"today":[251],"can":[252],"functionally":[255],"illiterate;":[256],"average":[258],"most":[261],"standardized":[262],"tests":[263],"now":[265],"lower":[266],"than":[267],"29":[268],"years":[269],"ago,":[270],"when":[271],"Sputnik":[272],"was":[273],"launched;":[274],"Scholastic":[275],"Aptitude":[276],"Test":[277],"declined":[279],"steadily":[280],"from":[281],"1963":[282],"1980":[284],"(National":[285],"Education,":[290],"1983).":[291,390],"Further,":[292],"recent":[293],"studies":[294],"far":[302],"surpassed":[303],"foreign":[308],"(especially":[309],"Japanese)":[310],"counterparts":[311],"mathematics":[313],"science":[315],"(Stevenson,":[316],"1983;":[317],"Walberg,":[318,402],"1984).":[319],"It":[320],"at":[324,359],"least":[325],"as":[326],"measured":[327],"has":[331],"suffered":[332],"schools,":[335],"situation":[337],"more":[340],"alarming":[341],"considering":[342],"America's":[347],"largest":[348],"enterprise":[349],"(Walberg).":[350],"Thus,":[351],"title":[353],"report\u2014A":[357],"Nation":[358],"Risk\u2014":[360],"quite":[362],"appropriate.":[363],"Despite":[364],"interest,":[366],"such":[367,406],"concerns":[368],"products":[371],"schooling":[373],"neither":[375],"new":[376],"(cf.":[377,385,401],"Silberman,":[378],"1970)":[379],"nor":[380],"confined":[381],"U.S.":[383],"schools":[384],"Marks,":[386],"Cox,":[387],"&":[388],"Pomian-Srzednicki,":[389],"Fortunately,":[391],"learning":[396],"becoming":[398],"better":[399],"understood":[400],"1984),":[403],"many":[405]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}