{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2010514116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/egp.0.0105","title":"Robert Henryson and the Matter of Multilingualism","display_name":"Robert Henryson and the Matter of Multilingualism","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-12-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2010514116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/egp.0.0105","mag":"2010514116"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/egp.0.0105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/egp.0.0105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/egp.0.0105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2214124","display_name":"The Journal of English and Germanic Philology","issn_l":"0363-6941","issn":["0363-6941","1945-662X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315680","host_organization_name":"University of Illinois Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315680"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Illinois Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JEGP, Journal of English and Germanic Philology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064898595","display_name":"Tim William Machan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tim William Machan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064898595"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.792,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95132922,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"109","issue":"1","first_page":"52","last_page":"70"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10595","display_name":"Medieval Literature and History","score":0.9276999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1205","display_name":"Classics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10595","display_name":"Medieval Literature and History","score":0.9276999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1205","display_name":"Classics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14021","display_name":"Medieval European Literature and History","score":0.02979999966919422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13167","display_name":"Historical, Literary, and Cultural Studies","score":0.00860000029206276,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1205","display_name":"Classics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robert-henryson","display_name":"Robert Henryson","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilingualism","display_name":"multilingualism","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-scots","display_name":"Middle Scots","score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/john-gower","display_name":"John Gower","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confessio-amantis","display_name":"Confessio Amantis","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/piers-plowman","display_name":"Piers Plowman","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diglossia","display_name":"diglossia","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-english-literature","display_name":"Middle English literature","score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/textual-transmission","display_name":"textual transmission","score":0.3630000054836273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30081","display_name":"Multilingualism","level":2,"score":0.6472490429878235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.5152850151062012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.4898030757904053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1370556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81009","display_name":"Rhetoric","level":2,"score":0.4819054901599884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780386941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1036511","display_name":"Vernacular","level":2,"score":0.4143042266368866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.381366491317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.35247448086738586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3464467227458954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.3277819752693176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.28821057081222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.22152546048164368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1661835014820099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.11301520466804504}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/egp.0.0105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/egp.0.0105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/egp.0.0105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2214124","display_name":"The Journal of English and Germanic Philology","issn_l":"0363-6941","issn":["0363-6941","1945-662X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315680","host_organization_name":"University of Illinois Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315680"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Illinois Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JEGP, Journal of English and Germanic Philology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/365682","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/365682","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W157310127","https://openalex.org/W581451305","https://openalex.org/W636974452","https://openalex.org/W1486344527","https://openalex.org/W1570542095","https://openalex.org/W1607431189","https://openalex.org/W1968190674","https://openalex.org/W1998091211","https://openalex.org/W2002197013","https://openalex.org/W2005181966","https://openalex.org/W2013609364","https://openalex.org/W2027047870","https://openalex.org/W2044709211","https://openalex.org/W2059196147","https://openalex.org/W2077101022","https://openalex.org/W2086264548","https://openalex.org/W2225596910","https://openalex.org/W2317878612","https://openalex.org/W2323404687","https://openalex.org/W2334183905","https://openalex.org/W3117188771"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2503036531","https://openalex.org/W569132529","https://openalex.org/W2413125195","https://openalex.org/W3024915261","https://openalex.org/W4309690065","https://openalex.org/W4388665138","https://openalex.org/W2532006572","https://openalex.org/W4256185178","https://openalex.org/W4294890153","https://openalex.org/W2498612646"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Robert":[0],"Henryson":[1],"and":[2,25,58,76,90,101,136,143,152,233,274,290,295,322,343,355,442,460,465,472,483,552,563,582],"the":[3,23,82,92,115,120,203,214,218,231,235,240,283,317,326,333,336,347,351,364,399,417,420,440,443,452,457,467,489,522,525,544,589,594,609,628,641,645],"Matter":[4],"of":[5,27,53,94,103,114,149,160,205,242,259,265,293,328,332,346,353,361,363,369,419,424,430,454,462,476,510,514,541,543,588,623,630,632,665],"Multilingualism":[6],"Tim":[7],"William":[8],"Machan":[9],"Medieval":[10],"multilingualism":[11,161,206,431,575,597],"can":[12,18,615],"be":[13,67,572,616],"a":[14,28,36,77,137,166,178,185,226,287,311,357,390,395,507,539,559,651,658,663,672],"gaudy":[15,257,508,515],"affair.":[16],"It":[17],"feature":[19,360],"so":[20],"prominently":[21,675],"in":[22,105,168,181,190,250,272,393,408,432,450,500,549,586,608,635,644,671],"design":[24,397],"rhetoric":[26],"work":[29],"that":[30,54,80,131,187,599],"it":[31,384,600,614,649],"does":[32],"not":[33,189,211,378,602],"simply":[34],"capture":[35],"reader's":[37],"attention":[38,223],"but":[39,383,565,648],"instead":[40],"serves,":[41],"as":[42,44,51,127,129,177,276,278,456,506,674],"much":[43,345],"love":[45],"or":[46,48,200,248,612,625,627,637],"virtue":[47],"political":[49],"order,":[50],"one":[52,113,362,542,660],"work's":[55,337],"central":[56],"thematic":[57],"organizing":[59],"principles.":[60],"Without":[61],"multilingualism,":[62],"Piers":[63,162,208,329],"Plowman":[64,163,209],"would":[65,188],"certainly":[66],"difficult":[68],"to":[69,173,207,224,386,414,427,557,578,657],"imagine.":[70],"Latin":[71,104,135,243,273,294,308,312,348,354,421,468],"supplies":[72],"quotations,":[73],"technical":[74],"words,":[75],"critical":[78],"subtext":[79],"advance":[81],"poem's":[83,116,318],"plot,":[84],"meditation":[85],"on":[86,145,213,497,677],"concepts":[87],"like":[88,96,555],"salvation,":[89],"even":[91,583],"depiction":[93],"characters":[95],"Anima,":[97],"who":[98,216],"move":[99],"into":[100,193],"out":[102],"conversationally":[106],"strategic":[107],"ways.":[108],"This":[109],"movement":[110],"itself":[111],"advances":[112],"most":[117,365],"prominent":[118,359],"topics:":[119],"dynamics":[121],"between":[122],"an":[123],"authoritative":[124],"culture":[125,139],"(social":[126],"well":[128,277,403,504],"religious)":[130],"is":[132,264,412,598,601,650],"mediated":[133,140],"by":[134,141,307,340,481,519,534,662],"popular":[138],"English":[142,170,296,303,356],"focused":[144],"challenging":[146],"inherited":[147],"notions":[148],"piety,":[150],"language,":[151],"politics.":[153],"In":[154,605],"many":[155,561],"ways,":[156],"through":[157,246],"its":[158],"use":[159],"precociously":[164],"depicts":[165,524],"world":[167,186],"which":[169,401,425,477,558],"has":[171],"come":[172,192],"displace":[174],"Latin's":[175],"status":[176],"High":[179],"Language":[180],"medieval":[182],"England's":[183],"diglossia,":[184],"fact":[191],"sociolinguistic":[194],"existence":[195],"for":[196,398],"another":[197],"300":[198],"years":[199],"so.":[201],"And":[202,407],"importance":[204],"was":[210,239],"lost":[212],"scribes":[215],"transmitted":[217],"text.":[219],"They":[220],"gave":[221],"particular":[222],"maintaining":[225],"consistent,":[227],"restrained":[228],"format":[229],"throughout":[230],"tradition,":[232,382],"among":[234],"features":[236],"they":[237],"maintained":[238],"highlighting":[241],"passages,":[244],"whether":[245,607],"rubrication":[247],"underscoring":[249],"red.":[251],"John":[252],"Gower's":[253,261,498],"works":[254],"offer":[255,640],"similarly":[256],"examples":[258,643],"multilingualism.":[260,516],"entire":[262],"career":[263],"course":[266],"multilingual,":[267],"since":[268],"he":[269,547],"wrote":[270,548],"successively":[271],"French":[275],"English,":[279],"but,":[280],"more":[281,315],"narrowly,":[282],"Confessio":[284,334,441],"Amantis":[285],"offers":[286],"widely":[288],"known":[289],"discussed":[291],"interplay":[292,352],"at":[297],"several":[298],"compositional":[299],"levels.":[300],"The":[301,495,619],"individual":[302],"tales":[304],"are":[305],"framed":[306],"verses,":[309],"while":[310,438],"commentary":[313],"develops":[314],"fully":[316],"allusions,":[319],"rhetorical":[320],"devices,":[321],"ethics.":[323],"As":[324],"with":[325,528],"manuscripts":[327],"Plowman,":[330],"those":[331],"foreground":[335],"multilingual":[338,491],"nature":[339],"setting":[341],"off":[342],"rubricating":[344],"text,":[349],"rendering":[350],"particularly":[358,493],"deluxe":[366],"manuscript":[367,486],"traditions":[368],"late-medieval":[370],"England.":[371],"Gower":[372,411,482,520],"[End":[373],"Page":[374],"52]":[375],"himself":[376],"may":[377,402,639],"have":[379,387,404,415,484],"supervised":[380],"this":[381,512],"seems":[385],"developed":[388],"from":[389],"coterie":[391],"interested":[392],"furthering":[394],"specific":[396],"work,":[400],"been":[405,416],"his.1":[406],"any":[409],"case":[410],"likely":[413,479],"author":[418],"commentary,":[422],"all":[423],"points":[426],"his":[428,433,529],"embrace":[429],"own":[434],"literary":[435],"self-conception.":[436],"Indeed,":[437],"both":[439,475],"Vox":[444],"Clamantis":[445],"follow":[446],"traditional":[447],"Christian":[448],"exegesis":[449],"portraying":[451],"diversity":[453],"speech":[455],"sinful":[458],"product":[459],"affirmation":[461],"human":[463],"pride":[464],"weakness,2":[466],"biographical":[469],"\"Quia":[470],"unusquisque\"":[471],"\"Eneidos":[473],"Bucolis,\"":[474],"were":[478],"written":[480],"substantial":[485],"support,":[487],"make":[488],"poet's":[490],"record":[492],"prominent.":[494],"effigy":[496],"tomb":[499,523],"Southwark":[501],"Cathedral":[502],"could":[503,571],"stand":[505],"emblem":[509],"just":[511],"kind":[513],"Probably":[517],"designed":[518],"himself,":[521],"poet":[526],"reclining":[527],"head":[530],"rather":[531],"awkwardly":[532],"supported":[533],"three":[535],"books,":[536],"each":[537],"containing":[538],"copy":[540],"long":[545],"poems":[546],"Latin,":[550],"French,":[551],"English.3":[553],"Examples":[554],"these,":[556],"good":[560],"shorter":[562],"simpler":[564],"still":[566],"rhetorically":[567],"arch":[568],"macaronic":[569],"lyrics":[570],"adjoined,":[573],"show":[574],"being":[576],"put":[577],"extraordinary":[579],"rhetorical,":[580],"literary,":[581],"visual":[584],"purposes":[585],"literature":[587],"late":[590],"Middle":[591,610],"Ages.":[592],"But":[593],"thing":[595],"about":[596],"always":[603],"extraordinary.":[604],"fact,":[606],"Ages":[611],"today,":[613],"quite":[617],"ordinary.":[618],"socially":[620],"codified":[621],"bilingualism":[622],"Belgium":[624],"Switzerland":[626],"presence":[629],"hundreds":[631],"co-existing":[633],"languages":[634],"India":[636],"Indonesia":[638],"best-known":[642],"modern":[646],"world,":[647],"rare":[652],"truly":[653],"living":[654],"language\u2014as":[655],"opposed":[656],"dying":[659],"spoken":[661],"handful":[664],"isolated":[666],"speakers\u2014that":[667],"lives":[668],"alone.":[669],"Even":[670],"country":[673],"and,":[676],"occasion...":[678]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}