{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2010476325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312706059457","title":"Whose Mass is it Anyway? Particle Cosmology and the Objects of Theory","display_name":"Whose Mass is it Anyway? Particle Cosmology and the Objects of Theory","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-07-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2010476325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312706059457","mag":"2010476325"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0306312706059457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312706059457","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312706059457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68632876","display_name":"Social Studies of Science","issn_l":"0036-8539","issn":["0036-8539","0306-3127","1460-3659"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doyens","erih-plus","fnege-4","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Studies of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84945","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072742224","display_name":"David I. Kaiser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-6744","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-6744"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Kaiser","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT\u2019s Program in Science, Technology, and Society, and\r                        MIT\u2019s Department of Physics,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT\u2019s Program in Science, Technology, and Society, and\r                        MIT\u2019s Department of Physics,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072742224"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.27255304,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"4","first_page":"533","last_page":"564"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.18250000476837158,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.18250000476837158,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.16979999840259552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10048","display_name":"Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies","score":0.16910000145435333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-cosmology","display_name":"particle cosmology","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higgs-field","display_name":"Higgs field","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-problems","display_name":"mass problems","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/origin-of-mass","display_name":"origin of mass","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-physics","display_name":"history of physics","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics-education","display_name":"physics education","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-change","display_name":"institutional change","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-of-gravitation","display_name":"gravitational theory","score":0.3959999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-theory","display_name":"particle theory","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-cosmology","display_name":"history of cosmology","score":0.43700000643730164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26405456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338","display_name":"Cosmology","level":2,"score":0.720299243927002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.628009557723999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5865647196769714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158129726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q402","display_name":"Higgs boson","level":2,"score":0.5292253494262695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.5177116394042969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124017977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11412","display_name":"Gravitation","level":2,"score":0.47427377104759216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.46498626470565796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.21006977558135986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.1784231960773468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109214941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18334","display_name":"Particle physics","level":1,"score":0.15772318840026855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15427428483963013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0306312706059457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312706059457","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312706059457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68632876","display_name":"Social Studies of Science","issn_l":"0036-8539","issn":["0036-8539","0306-3127","1460-3659"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doyens","erih-plus","fnege-4","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Studies of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.393.1327","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.393.1327","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://web.mit.edu/dikaiser/www/Kaiser.WhoseMass.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/84945","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84945","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"David Kaiser","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/84945","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84945","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"David Kaiser","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309398","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":190,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W82058319","https://openalex.org/W89522574","https://openalex.org/W119088996","https://openalex.org/W246411162","https://openalex.org/W253059031","https://openalex.org/W328704700","https://openalex.org/W351003551","https://openalex.org/W567745927","https://openalex.org/W572177665","https://openalex.org/W592548877","https://openalex.org/W607244381","https://openalex.org/W638756507","https://openalex.org/W646661731","https://openalex.org/W656599653","https://openalex.org/W778310962","https://openalex.org/W1277070237","https://openalex.org/W1490163595","https://openalex.org/W1501899721","https://openalex.org/W1503468561","https://openalex.org/W1505818507","https://openalex.org/W1507129354","https://openalex.org/W1552379132","https://openalex.org/W1554716827","https://openalex.org/W1577217419","https://openalex.org/W1583936356","https://openalex.org/W1600175421","https://openalex.org/W1624733265","https://openalex.org/W1625053673","https://openalex.org/W1629510273","https://openalex.org/W1634608494","https://openalex.org/W1638597388","https://openalex.org/W1643055930","https://openalex.org/W1657445426","https://openalex.org/W1658345176","https://openalex.org/W1680279341","https://openalex.org/W1847162973","https://openalex.org/W1849548091","https://openalex.org/W1963899330","https://openalex.org/W1963985961","https://openalex.org/W1964454167","https://openalex.org/W1965412332","https://openalex.org/W1966402758","https://openalex.org/W1967360700","https://openalex.org/W1974103271","https://openalex.org/W1979782285","https://openalex.org/W1983385923","https://openalex.org/W1989006523","https://openalex.org/W1989972931","https://openalex.org/W1993805430","https://openalex.org/W1994424871","https://openalex.org/W1995763922","https://openalex.org/W1996413343","https://openalex.org/W1996934409","https://openalex.org/W1997502077","https://openalex.org/W2000327108","https://openalex.org/W2000494823","https://openalex.org/W2003134247","https://openalex.org/W2005935750","https://openalex.org/W2008069123","https://openalex.org/W2008534253","https://openalex.org/W2009708734","https://openalex.org/W2009737568","https://openalex.org/W2012028997","https://openalex.org/W2012583952","https://openalex.org/W2013448124","https://openalex.org/W2013492988","https://openalex.org/W2018866640","https://openalex.org/W2019618226","https://openalex.org/W2020562593","https://openalex.org/W2020602176","https://openalex.org/W2021486562","https://openalex.org/W2021870751","https://openalex.org/W2023548155","https://openalex.org/W2024970016","https://openalex.org/W2025423180","https://openalex.org/W2025689438","https://openalex.org/W2026039348","https://openalex.org/W2026216408","https://openalex.org/W2026504934","https://openalex.org/W2028174618","https://openalex.org/W2029074427","https://openalex.org/W2029403139","https://openalex.org/W2030054258","https://openalex.org/W2036662279","https://openalex.org/W2039113090","https://openalex.org/W2040895909","https://openalex.org/W2041588570","https://openalex.org/W2041867852","https://openalex.org/W2045472496","https://openalex.org/W2046809234","https://openalex.org/W2048791021","https://openalex.org/W2049296324","https://openalex.org/W2055032269","https://openalex.org/W2055926373","https://openalex.org/W2056708651","https://openalex.org/W2057060986","https://openalex.org/W2058360989","https://openalex.org/W2059088176","https://openalex.org/W2061563691","https://openalex.org/W2063434799","https://openalex.org/W2063573419","https://openalex.org/W2064575216","https://openalex.org/W2066218478","https://openalex.org/W2066970210","https://openalex.org/W2067641851","https://openalex.org/W2070205124","https://openalex.org/W2072530265","https://openalex.org/W2073265467","https://openalex.org/W2076873329","https://openalex.org/W2081198613","https://openalex.org/W2087035600","https://openalex.org/W2088098384","https://openalex.org/W2092002541","https://openalex.org/W2092784088","https://openalex.org/W2096742001","https://openalex.org/W2106044202","https://openalex.org/W2110525495","https://openalex.org/W2111502340","https://openalex.org/W2117341380","https://openalex.org/W2119259512","https://openalex.org/W2123019953","https://openalex.org/W2135858024","https://openalex.org/W2136764900","https://openalex.org/W2142700825","https://openalex.org/W2145736544","https://openalex.org/W2147359185","https://openalex.org/W2149340629","https://openalex.org/W2154865036","https://openalex.org/W2159237623","https://openalex.org/W2173431099","https://openalex.org/W2174220582","https://openalex.org/W2177175366","https://openalex.org/W2223433365","https://openalex.org/W2224432624","https://openalex.org/W2225468140","https://openalex.org/W2270901284","https://openalex.org/W2312236839","https://openalex.org/W2313304973","https://openalex.org/W2314391498","https://openalex.org/W2316805772","https://openalex.org/W2319024694","https://openalex.org/W2320253272","https://openalex.org/W2321927544","https://openalex.org/W2323632658","https://openalex.org/W2328533229","https://openalex.org/W2333219759","https://openalex.org/W2333758352","https://openalex.org/W2337191506","https://openalex.org/W2483424394","https://openalex.org/W2485794544","https://openalex.org/W2594754590","https://openalex.org/W2606801363","https://openalex.org/W2752443224","https://openalex.org/W2753433785","https://openalex.org/W2753533763","https://openalex.org/W2764885679","https://openalex.org/W2938802483","https://openalex.org/W2989798391","https://openalex.org/W3003177913","https://openalex.org/W3003181282","https://openalex.org/W3003408334","https://openalex.org/W3003439133","https://openalex.org/W3003505222","https://openalex.org/W3003752728","https://openalex.org/W3004010645","https://openalex.org/W3004193622","https://openalex.org/W3004259186","https://openalex.org/W3005738888","https://openalex.org/W3007754162","https://openalex.org/W3009524843","https://openalex.org/W3031915024","https://openalex.org/W3037110544","https://openalex.org/W3047312983","https://openalex.org/W3047746535","https://openalex.org/W3101676555","https://openalex.org/W3148437427","https://openalex.org/W3158296473","https://openalex.org/W3162439866","https://openalex.org/W3170261000","https://openalex.org/W3196259319","https://openalex.org/W4233495017","https://openalex.org/W4236593156","https://openalex.org/W4243813553","https://openalex.org/W4245263914","https://openalex.org/W4248595022","https://openalex.org/W4251388635","https://openalex.org/W4253925547","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4302559800","https://openalex.org/W4312700165"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098987380","https://openalex.org/W1516772214","https://openalex.org/W2179740175","https://openalex.org/W4388579880","https://openalex.org/W2074865597","https://openalex.org/W2479844483","https://openalex.org/W6982219475","https://openalex.org/W4381893405","https://openalex.org/W1621768297","https://openalex.org/W2184225399"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Physicists":[0],"in":[1,32,36,80,91,106,112,140],"different":[2,141],"branches":[3],"of":[4,12,94,120,145,151,171,175,200],"the":[5,10,15,25,57,63,92,95,110,113,128,132,136,148,166,169,178,197],"discipline":[6,111],"were":[7,153,164],"puzzled":[8],"by":[9],"problem":[11],"mass":[13,41],"during":[14],"1950s":[16],"and":[17,35,61,71,131,181],"1960s:":[18],"why":[19],"do":[20],"objects":[21,150,174],"have":[22],"mass?":[23],"Around":[24],"same":[26],"time,":[27],"yet":[28,53],"working":[29],"independently,":[30],"specialists":[31],"gravitational":[33],"studies":[34],"particle":[37,191],"theory":[38,152,176],"proposed":[39],"that":[40,162,184],"might":[42],"arise":[43],"due":[44],"to":[45,123,160,186],"objects\u2019":[46],"interactions":[47],"with":[48],"a":[49,117,188],"new":[50,118,137,189],"(and":[51],"as":[52],"undetected)":[54],"field.":[55,134],"Although":[56],"questions":[58],"they":[59,65,163],"posed":[60],"even":[62,72],"answers":[64],"provided":[66],"shared":[67],"several":[68],"similarities":[69],"-":[70,84,157],"though":[73],"both":[74],"proposals":[75],"quickly":[76],"became":[77],"\u2018hot":[78],"topics\u2019":[79],"their":[81,146],"respective":[82],"subfields":[83],"virtually":[85],"no":[86],"one":[87,89],"discussed":[88],"proposal":[90],"light":[93],"other":[96],"for":[97],"nearly":[98],"20":[99],"years.":[100],"Only":[101],"after":[102],"massive,":[103],"unprecedented":[104],"changes":[105],"pedagogical":[107,182],"infrastructure":[108],"rocked":[109],"early":[114],"1970s":[115],"did":[116],"generation":[119],"physicists":[121],"begin":[122],"see":[124],"possible":[125],"links":[126],"between":[127],"Brans-Dicke":[129],"field":[130],"Higgs":[133],"For":[135],"researchers,":[138],"trained":[139],"ways":[142],"than":[143],"most":[144],"predecessors,":[147],"two":[149,173],"not":[154],"only":[155],"similar":[156],"some":[158],"began":[159],"proclaim":[161],"exactly":[165],"same.":[167],"Charting":[168],"histories":[170],"these":[172],"illuminates":[177],"complicated":[179],"institutional":[180],"factors":[183],"helped":[185],"produce":[187],"subfield,":[190],"cosmology,":[192],"which":[193],"today":[194],"ranks":[195],"at":[196],"very":[198],"forefront":[199],"modern":[201],"physics.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
