{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2010450004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400009620","title":"How German-speaking first graders read and spell: Doubts on the importance of the logographic stage","display_name":"How German-speaking first graders read and spell: Doubts on the importance of the logographic stage","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2010450004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400009620","mag":"2010450004"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0142716400009620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400009620","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400009620","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38427009","display_name":"Applied Psycholinguistics","issn_l":"0142-7164","issn":["0142-7164","1469-1817"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Psycholinguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110396028","display_name":"Heinz Wimmer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Heinz Wimmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salzburg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salzburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034234537","display_name":"Peter Hummer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Hummer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salzburg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salzburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110396028"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1189,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":213,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80119709,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"4","first_page":"349","last_page":"368"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-acquisition","display_name":"reading acquisition","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spelling","display_name":"spelling","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudowords","display_name":"pseudowords","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phonological-transparency","display_name":"phonological transparency","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grapheme-phoneme-correspondence","display_name":"grapheme-phoneme correspondence","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/first-grade-students","display_name":"first grade students","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-errors","display_name":"reading errors","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spelling-errors","display_name":"spelling errors","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german-speaking-children","display_name":"German-speaking children","score":0.5260000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777801307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088390","display_name":"Spelling","level":2,"score":0.7890421152114868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.7349607944488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7347967028617859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.6684600114822388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.6264315247535706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78148190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8192","display_name":"Writing system","level":2,"score":0.6156097054481506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776779415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2545446","display_name":"Grapheme","level":3,"score":0.6085433959960938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776808766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Learning to read","level":3,"score":0.5587222576141357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780957641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1999796","display_name":"Spell","level":2,"score":0.5270612239837646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777603413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364762","display_name":"Phonics","level":3,"score":0.44821515679359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30080830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169917","display_name":"Graphene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0142716400009620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400009620","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400009620","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38427009","display_name":"Applied Psycholinguistics","issn_l":"0142-7164","issn":["0142-7164","1469-1817"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Psycholinguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.6164000034332275,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W200509275","https://openalex.org/W608038899","https://openalex.org/W619897010","https://openalex.org/W651305227","https://openalex.org/W1598851216","https://openalex.org/W1994005043","https://openalex.org/W1999945427","https://openalex.org/W2005688633","https://openalex.org/W2012747149","https://openalex.org/W2025522858","https://openalex.org/W2026896481","https://openalex.org/W2032234782","https://openalex.org/W2050929882","https://openalex.org/W2052318958","https://openalex.org/W2078276164","https://openalex.org/W2083113393","https://openalex.org/W2088544664","https://openalex.org/W2106706141","https://openalex.org/W2318664506","https://openalex.org/W2970042699"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4295024386","https://openalex.org/W2132086262","https://openalex.org/W9079934","https://openalex.org/W7098663425","https://openalex.org/W958271472","https://openalex.org/W2131399989","https://openalex.org/W74644739","https://openalex.org/W1997790315","https://openalex.org/W3082547455","https://openalex.org/W2163164903"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"The":[1],"logographic":[2,59,222],"stage":[3,63],"assumption":[4],"in":[5,41,157],"recent":[6],"models":[7],"of":[8,71,88,142,148,160,167,174,182,212,225],"reading":[9,89,118,147,202],"acquisition":[10,28],"was":[11,103,155,194],"examined":[12],"by":[13,29,196,210],"studying":[14],"how":[15],"German-speaking":[16,30],"first":[17,75,100,172],"graders":[18,76],"read":[19,127],"and":[20,24,90,98,109,119,128,151,177,204,236],"spelled":[21],"familiar":[22,149],"words":[23],"matched":[25],"pseudowords.":[26,139],"Reading":[27,141,163,192],"children":[31,80,111,123],"provides":[32],"an":[33],"interesting":[34],"case":[35,159],"because":[36],"the":[37,44,55,58,61,69,86,152,158,171,175,218,229,238],"German":[38],"writing":[39,230],"system,":[40],"contrast":[42,93],"to":[43,60,94,126,130,135],"English":[45],"one,":[46],"is":[47,224,232],"phonologically":[48,189,233],"rather":[49,234],"transparent.":[50],"To":[51],"further":[52],"test":[53],"whether":[54],"transition":[56],"from":[57],"alphabetic":[62,114],"poses":[64],"a":[65,131,221],"major":[66],"obstacle":[67],"at":[68,85,186],"beginning":[70,87,169],"reading,":[72],"normally":[73,107],"progressing":[74,108],"were":[77,124,185,207],"contrasted":[78],"with":[79,96,146,170],"who":[81],"experienced":[82],"serious":[83],"difficulties":[84],"writing.":[91],"In":[92],"studies":[95],"American":[97],"British":[99],"graders,":[101],"it":[102],"found":[104],"that":[105,184,220],"both":[106,117],"delayed":[110],"relied":[112],"on":[113],"strategies":[115],"for":[116],"writing,":[120],"(a)":[121],"Most":[122],"able":[125],"-":[129,134],"lesser":[132],"extent":[133],"spell":[136],"completely":[137],"unfamiliar":[138],"(b)":[140],"pseudowords":[143],"correlated":[144],"highly":[145],"words,":[150],"same":[153],"correlation":[154],"observed":[156],"spelling,":[161],"(c)":[162],"errors":[164,180],"consisted":[165,181],"mainly":[166],"nonwords":[168],"letter(s)":[173],"target,":[176],"most":[178],"spelling":[179,205],"spellings":[183],"least":[187],"partially":[188],"correct,":[190],"(d)":[191],"performance":[193,203,206],"influenced":[195],"word":[197],"exposure":[198],"time,":[199],"(e)":[200],"Both":[201],"strongly":[208],"predicted":[209],"knowledge":[211],"grapheme-phoneme":[213,246],"correspondences.":[214,247],"These":[215],"findings":[216],"support":[217],"conclusion":[219],"strategy":[223],"limited":[226],"importance":[227],"when":[228,237],"system":[231],"transparent":[235],"instructional":[239],"approach":[240],"does":[241],"not":[242],"withhold":[243],"information":[244],"about":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}