{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2010369748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.1669085","title":"Analysis of the penumbra enlargement in lung versus the Quality Index of photon beams: A methodology to check the dose calculation algorithm","display_name":"Analysis of the penumbra enlargement in lung versus the Quality Index of photon beams: A methodology to check the dose calculation algorithm","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-03-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2010369748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.1669085","mag":"2010369748","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15125013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1118/1.1669085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.1669085","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.1669085","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95522064","display_name":"Medical Physics","issn_l":"0094-2405","issn":["0094-2405","1522-8541","2473-4209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083544162","display_name":"Miltiadis F. Tsiakalos","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miltiadis F. Tsiakalos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Physics, University of Larissa, Larissa, Hellas, Greece. tsiakalos@med.uth.gr","University of Larissa, Larissa, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Physics, University of Larissa, Larissa, Hellas, Greece. tsiakalos@med.uth.gr","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Larissa, Larissa, Greece","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104112711","display_name":"Kiki Theodorou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6571-9433","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6571-9433"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kiki Theodorou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Larissa, Larissa, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Larissa, Larissa, Greece","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013349289","display_name":"Constantin Kappas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7050-2132","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7050-2132"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Constantin Kappas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Larissa, Larissa, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Larissa, Larissa, Greece","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113659579","display_name":"Sofia Zefkili","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80043","display_name":"Institut Curie","ror":"https://ror.org/04t0gwh46","country_code":"FR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80043"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sofia Zefkili","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris Cedex 05, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris Cedex 05, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80043"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098499378","display_name":"Jean\u2010Claude Rosenwold","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80043","display_name":"Institut Curie","ror":"https://ror.org/04t0gwh46","country_code":"FR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80043"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean\u2010Claude Rosenwold","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris Cedex 05, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris Cedex 05, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80043"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3360,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3360},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4064,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87645552,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"4","first_page":"943","last_page":"949"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10844","display_name":"Radiation Dose and Imaging","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-dosimetry","display_name":"lung dosimetry","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-index","display_name":"quality index","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon-beam-quality","display_name":"photon beam quality","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-planning-system","display_name":"treatment planning system","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correction-factors","display_name":"correction factors","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polystyrene-phantom","display_name":"polystyrene phantom","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/film-dosimetry","display_name":"film dosimetry","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-simulation-comparison","display_name":"Monte Carlo comparison","score":0.7129999995231628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780577055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2069532","display_name":"Penumbra","level":3,"score":0.8203750252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104293457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28324852","display_name":"Imaging phantom","level":2,"score":0.790529191493988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.7788856029510498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.5539728403091431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.4881363809108734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.48730480670928955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.42780473828315735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.3948342800140381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3794727027416229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3752889633178711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2245064079761505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.104124516248703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.07989847660064697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541997718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188151","display_name":"Ischemia","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008168","descriptor_name":"Lung","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008168","descriptor_name":"Lung","qualifier_ui":"Q000528","qualifier_name":"radiation effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000532","qualifier_name":"radiotherapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011785","descriptor_name":"Quality Assurance, Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011785","descriptor_name":"Quality Assurance, Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011829","descriptor_name":"Radiation Dosage","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011874","descriptor_name":"Radiometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011874","descriptor_name":"Radiometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011880","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011880","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012986","descriptor_name":"Software Validation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017785","descriptor_name":"Photons","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018499","descriptor_name":"Linear Energy Transfer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019984","descriptor_name":"Quality Indicators, Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1118/1.1669085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.1669085","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.1669085","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95522064","display_name":"Medical Physics","issn_l":"0094-2405","issn":["0094-2405","1522-8541","2473-4209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:15125013","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15125013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical physics","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7246000170707703,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309603","display_name":"Varian Medical Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/05yab6874"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1631706597","https://openalex.org/W1650734232","https://openalex.org/W1972831919","https://openalex.org/W1973001047","https://openalex.org/W1978344596","https://openalex.org/W1980075801","https://openalex.org/W1980860856","https://openalex.org/W1984867506","https://openalex.org/W1998864794","https://openalex.org/W1999439768","https://openalex.org/W2011808922","https://openalex.org/W2040700261","https://openalex.org/W2052619533","https://openalex.org/W2065236761","https://openalex.org/W2068838048","https://openalex.org/W2074967925","https://openalex.org/W2075205006","https://openalex.org/W2081022087","https://openalex.org/W2084842299","https://openalex.org/W2091361931","https://openalex.org/W2099104461","https://openalex.org/W2104332701","https://openalex.org/W2110035130","https://openalex.org/W2149928607","https://openalex.org/W2169250001"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2519609877","https://openalex.org/W2115019587","https://openalex.org/W2886541019","https://openalex.org/W2897812300","https://openalex.org/W1995546375","https://openalex.org/W2947118923","https://openalex.org/W2068952786","https://openalex.org/W2090260467","https://openalex.org/W1969798638","https://openalex.org/W2086251983"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,39,335],"well":[2,243],"known":[3],"that":[4,167],"considerable":[5],"underdosage":[6],"can":[7,304,350],"occur":[8],"at":[9,34,60,137,281],"the":[10,16,20,52,76,81,91,96,138,141,144,158,161,164,173,181,207,219,222,225,228,235,249,272,295,312,327,330,345],"edges":[11],"of":[12,19,22,27,51,95,102,104,115,125,140,146,160,168,190,221,227,271,291,314,329,356],"a":[13,322,364],"tumor":[14,367],"inside":[15],"lung":[17,82,107,165,318,359],"because":[18],"degradation":[21],"penumbra":[23,149,208,229,296],"due":[24],"to":[25,166,205,298,310,352,363],"lack":[26],"lateral":[28,85],"electronic":[29,86],"equilibrium.":[30],"Although":[31],"present":[32],"even":[33],"smaller":[35],"energies,":[36],"this":[37,67],"phenomenon":[38],"more":[40],"pronounced":[41],"for":[42,74,128,163,188,202,233,258,265,283,317,358],"higher":[43,340],"energies.":[44],"Apart":[45],"from":[46],"Monte":[47,177,238],"Carlo":[48,178,239],"calculation,":[49],"most":[50],"existing":[53,348],"Treatment":[54],"Planning":[55],"Systems":[56],"(TPSs)":[57],"cannot":[58],"deal":[59],"all,":[61],"or":[62,308],"with":[63,66,143,248],"acceptable":[64],"accuracy,":[65],"effect.":[68],"A":[69,99,212],"methodology":[70,303],"has":[71,109,215],"been":[72,110,135,186,216],"developed":[73],"assessing":[75],"dose":[77],"calculation":[78],"algorithms":[79,199,275,349],"in":[80,180,347,366],"region":[83],"where":[84],"disequilibrium":[87],"exists,":[88],"based":[89,320],"on":[90,321],"Quality":[92],"Index":[93],"(QI)":[94],"incident":[97,331],"beam.":[98,332],"phantom,":[100],"consisting":[101],"layers":[103],"polystyrene":[105,169],"and":[106,119,131,151,157,193,209,224,230,263,286,289,326,361],"material,":[108],"irradiated":[111],"using":[112],"photon":[113],"beams":[114,223],"4,":[116],"6,":[117,191],"15,":[118,192],"20":[120,194,266],"MV.":[121,195],"The":[122,148,252,301],"cross-plane":[123],"profiles":[124],"each":[126],"beam":[127],"5x5,":[129],"10x10,":[130],"25x10":[132],"fields":[133,288],"have":[134,184],"measured":[136,156],"middle":[139],"phantom":[142,324],"use":[145],"films.":[147],"(20%-80%)":[150],"fringe":[152,210,231],"(50%-90%)":[153],"enlargement":[154,232,280,297],"was":[155,170],"ratio":[159],"widths":[162],"defined":[171],"as":[172,344],"Correction":[174],"Factor":[175],"(CF).":[176],"calculations":[179,240],"two":[182,290],"phantoms":[183],"also":[185],"performed":[187],"energies":[189,285,341],"Five":[196],"commercial":[197],"TPS's":[198,274],"were":[200],"tested":[201,273],"their":[203],"ability":[204],"predict":[206,278,294],"enlargement.":[211],"linear":[213],"relationship":[214],"found":[217],"between":[218,256],"QI":[220,328],"CF":[226,253],"all":[234,282,284,287],"examined":[236],"fields.":[237],"agree":[241],"very":[242,336],"(less":[244],"than":[245],"1%":[246],"difference)":[247],"film":[250],"measurements.":[251],"values":[254],"range":[255],"1.1":[257],"4":[259],"MV":[260,267],"(QI":[261,268],"0.620)":[262],"2.28":[264],"0.794).":[269],"Three":[270],"could":[276,293],"not":[277],"any":[279,306],"them":[292],"some":[299],"extent.":[300],"proposed":[302],"help":[305],"user":[307],"developer":[309],"check":[311,334],"accuracy":[313],"its":[315],"algorithm":[316],"cases,":[319],"simple":[323],"geometry":[325],"This":[333],"important":[337],"especially":[338],"when":[339],"are":[342],"used,":[343],"inaccuracies":[346],"lead":[351],"an":[353],"incorrect":[354],"choice":[355],"energy":[357],"treatment":[360],"consequently":[362],"failure":[365],"control.":[368]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}