{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2010308688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.148032","title":"Biophysics applications of free-electron lasers","display_name":"Biophysics applications of free-electron lasers","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-07-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2010308688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.148032","mag":"2010308688"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.148032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.148032","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.148032","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081117311","display_name":"Robert H. Austin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4269-6793","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4269-6793"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert H. Austin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton Univ. (United States)","Princeton University UNITED STATES"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University UNITED STATES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081117311"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.160196,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1854","issue":null,"first_page":"94","last_page":"104"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10559","display_name":"Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers","score":0.9214000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10559","display_name":"Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers","score":0.9214000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10566","display_name":"Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications","score":0.029899999499320984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11183","display_name":"Advanced X-ray Imaging Techniques","score":0.013199999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-electron-laser","display_name":"free-electron laser","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biophysics","display_name":"biophysics","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategic-defense-initiative","display_name":"Strategic Defense Initiative","score":0.6660000085830688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5159650444984436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775876984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586386","display_name":"Free-electron laser","level":3,"score":0.5099719762802124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.48972776532173157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86453669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q940391","display_name":"Free electron model","level":3,"score":0.4551612436771393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3858145475387573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.35778313875198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.3252885937690735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.22863230109214783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.10846170783042908}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.148032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.148032","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.148032","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2067945825","https://openalex.org/W2073556162","https://openalex.org/W2086648784","https://openalex.org/W2051220373","https://openalex.org/W2121290924","https://openalex.org/W1987712863","https://openalex.org/W1674152847","https://openalex.org/W347181326","https://openalex.org/W2080791017","https://openalex.org/W434315635"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"has":[1,86,96],"been":[2,87,98],"a":[3,38,47],"significant":[4],"financial":[5],"effort":[6,85,95],"poured":[7],"into":[8,100],"the":[9,12,18,31,34,42,55,68,72,82,94,104,112,122,134,137,148,159],"technology":[10],"of":[11,25,50,71,81,93,103,114,121,158],"Free":[13],"Electron":[14],"Laser":[15],"(FEL)":[16],"over":[17],"last":[19],"15":[20],"years":[21],"or":[22],"so.":[23],"Much":[24],"that":[26,33,156],"money":[27,51],"was":[28,52,63],"spent":[29],"in":[30,41,77,88],"hopes":[32],"FEL":[35,57,73,105,138],"would":[36],"be":[37,75,143,152],"key":[39],"element":[40],"Strategic":[43],"Defense":[44],"Initiative,":[45],"but":[46,91],"small":[48],"fraction":[49],"allocated":[53],"for":[54,106,133],"Medical":[56,60,83],"program.":[58],"The":[59],"FELs":[61],"program":[62],"aimed":[64],"at":[65],"exploring":[66,101],"how":[67],"unique":[69],"capabilities":[70],"could":[74],"utilized":[76],"medical":[78],"applications.":[79],"Part":[80],"FEl":[84],"clinical":[89],"applications,":[90],"some":[92,120,129],"also":[97,164],"put":[99],"applications":[102],"fundamental":[107,123],"biological":[108],"physics.":[109],"It":[110],"is":[111,139,163],"purpose":[113],"this":[115],"brief":[116],"text":[117],"to":[118,142,154],"outline":[119],"biophysics":[124],"I":[125],"have":[126,132],"done,":[127],"and":[128,167],"plans":[130],"we":[131],"future.":[135],"Since":[136],"(still)":[140],"considered":[141],"an":[144],"avant":[145,168],"garde":[146],"device,":[147],"reader":[149],"should":[150],"not":[151],"surprised":[153],"find":[155],"much":[157],"work":[160],"proposed":[161],"here":[162],"rather":[165],"radical":[166],"garde.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}