{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2010209884","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.062380","title":"Dirt, disgust and disease: a natural history of hygiene","display_name":"Dirt, disgust and disease: a natural history of hygiene","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-07-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2010209884","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.062380","mag":"2010209884","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17630362","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2652987"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/jech.2007.062380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.062380","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.062380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156988948","display_name":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","issn_l":"0141-7681","issn":["0141-7681","0142-467X","0143-005X","1470-2738"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2652987","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030799369","display_name":"Val Curtis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8994-2878","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8994-2878"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Valerie A Curtis","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hygiene Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, UK. Val.curtis@lshtm.ac.uk","The Hygiene Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hygiene Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, UK. Val.curtis@lshtm.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hygiene Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030799369"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2449,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":169,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84545455,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"8","first_page":"660","last_page":"664"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.2362000048160553,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.2362000048160553,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13708","display_name":"History of Emotions Research","score":0.22010000050067902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12778","display_name":"History of Medicine and Tropical Health","score":0.14839999377727509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hygiene","display_name":"hygiene","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disgust","display_name":"disgust","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dirt","display_name":"dirt","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"disease","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infection-avoidance","display_name":"infection avoidance","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-behavior","display_name":"animal behavior","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/germ-theory","display_name":"germ theory","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/miasma-theory","display_name":"miasma theory","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contagion-theory","display_name":"contagion theory","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ritual-purification","display_name":"purification rituals","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-medicine","display_name":"history of medicine","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-history","display_name":"cultural history","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-anthropology","display_name":"physical anthropology","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-construction-of-illness","display_name":"social construction of illness","score":0.5109999775886536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777375102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208351","display_name":"Disgust","level":3,"score":0.9570032358169556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5551667213439941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183454016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425837","display_name":"Germ theory of disease","level":2,"score":0.5513871312141418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.49738171696662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547646559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162297","display_name":"Hygiene","level":2,"score":0.490328311920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.45701485872268677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778582501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555882","display_name":"Dirt","level":2,"score":0.4400680959224701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.4269855320453644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.34563353657722473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95124753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686","display_name":"Environmental ethics","level":1,"score":0.34528809785842896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3378044366836548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.32624757289886475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2565956115722656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.2113802433013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.1888011395931244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.16698428988456726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779302386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79871","display_name":"Anger","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001294","descriptor_name":"Attitude to Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001522","descriptor_name":"Behavior, Animal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003469","descriptor_name":"Culture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006920","descriptor_name":"Hygiene","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010274","descriptor_name":"Parasitology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011634","descriptor_name":"Public Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015438","descriptor_name":"Health Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/jech.2007.062380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.062380","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.062380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156988948","display_name":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","issn_l":"0141-7681","issn":["0141-7681","0142-467X","0143-005X","1470-2738"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2652987","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2652987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Epidemiol Community Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:17630362","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17630362","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of epidemiology and community health","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2652987","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2652987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Epidemiol Community Health","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309585","display_name":"Unilever","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8ah907"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W111765652","https://openalex.org/W1480675308","https://openalex.org/W1528370059","https://openalex.org/W1568683993","https://openalex.org/W1595972998","https://openalex.org/W1872053182","https://openalex.org/W1964527172","https://openalex.org/W1976522898","https://openalex.org/W1984790714","https://openalex.org/W1988168359","https://openalex.org/W1990603154","https://openalex.org/W2013470241","https://openalex.org/W2015066080","https://openalex.org/W2020815228","https://openalex.org/W2024590380","https://openalex.org/W2028382502","https://openalex.org/W2032852489","https://openalex.org/W2039325901","https://openalex.org/W2045565604","https://openalex.org/W2051268679","https://openalex.org/W2062095670","https://openalex.org/W2063690512","https://openalex.org/W2068250825","https://openalex.org/W2072783364","https://openalex.org/W2080838132","https://openalex.org/W2082605165","https://openalex.org/W2082661202","https://openalex.org/W2089026980","https://openalex.org/W2103158965","https://openalex.org/W2117401803","https://openalex.org/W2122995853","https://openalex.org/W2123713349","https://openalex.org/W2166027036","https://openalex.org/W2166249308","https://openalex.org/W2187172921","https://openalex.org/W2316475064","https://openalex.org/W2332725597","https://openalex.org/W2412902411","https://openalex.org/W2418007315","https://openalex.org/W2602617801","https://openalex.org/W2797059791","https://openalex.org/W2798462310","https://openalex.org/W3045336276","https://openalex.org/W3201862652"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099241744","https://openalex.org/W2093399498","https://openalex.org/W2138011226","https://openalex.org/W2117791322","https://openalex.org/W2129084691","https://openalex.org/W4210874760","https://openalex.org/W7055224860","https://openalex.org/W4414112560","https://openalex.org/W2055289935","https://openalex.org/W1965048186"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hygiene":[0],"has":[1,31],"been":[2],"studied":[3],"from":[4,106,110],"multiple":[5],"perspectives,":[6],"including":[7,21],"that":[8,19,29,37,90,131],"of":[9,17,51,59,86,149,163,178,193,202],"history.":[10,77,204],"I":[11,27,129],"define":[12],"hygiene":[13,132,179],"as":[14,144],"the":[15,49,57,166,169,175,200],"set":[16],"behaviours":[18,42],"animals,":[20],"humans,":[22,48],"use":[23],"to":[24,123,198],"avoid":[25],"infection.":[26],"argue":[28,130],"it":[30],"an":[32,160,172],"ancient":[33],"evolutionary":[34],"history,":[35],"and":[36,65,74,83,113,126,134,138,182],"most":[38],"animals":[39],"exhibit":[40],"such":[41],"because":[43,94,99,114],"they":[44,95,100,115],"were":[45],"adaptive.":[46],"In":[47,121],"avoidance":[50],"infectious":[52],"threats":[53],"is":[54,154,180],"motivated":[55],"by":[56,103],"emotion":[58],"disgust.":[60],"Intuition":[61],"about":[62,72,151],"hygiene,":[63],"dirt":[64],"disease":[66,75,87,152],"can":[67],"be":[68,142],"found":[69],"underlying":[70],"belief":[71],"health":[73],"throughout":[76],"Purification":[78],"ritual,":[79],"miasma,":[80],"contagion,":[81],"zymotic":[82],"germ":[84],"theories":[85],"are":[88,96,101,116,189],"ideas":[89,150],"spread":[91],"through":[92],"society":[93],"intuitively":[97],"attractive,":[98],"supported":[102],"evidence":[104],"either":[105],"direct":[107],"experience":[108],"or":[109],"authoritative":[111],"report":[112],"consistent":[117],"with":[118],"existing":[119],"beliefs.":[120],"contrast":[122],"much":[124,197],"historical":[125],"anthropological":[127],"assertion,":[128],"behaviour":[133,174],"disgust":[135],"predate":[136],"culture":[137],"so":[139],"cannot":[140],"fully":[141],"explained":[143],"its":[145],"product.":[146],"The":[147,191],"history":[148],"thus":[153],"neither":[155],"entirely":[156],"socially":[157],"constructed":[158],"nor":[159],"\"heroic":[161],"progress\"":[162],"scientists":[164],"leading":[165],"ignorant":[167],"into":[168],"light.":[170],"As":[171],"animal":[173],"proper":[176],"domain":[177],"biology,":[181],"without":[183],"this":[184],"perspective":[185],"attempts":[186],"at":[187],"explanation":[188],"incomplete.":[190],"approaches":[192],"biological":[194],"anthropology":[195],"have":[196],"offer":[199],"practice":[201],"cultural":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
