{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2010206748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2013.848580","title":"Resource Dependence and Armed Violence: Impact on Sustainability in Developing Countries","display_name":"Resource Dependence and Armed Violence: Impact on Sustainability in Developing Countries","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2010206748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2013.848580","mag":"2010206748"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10242694.2013.848580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2013.848580","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2013.848580","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S191005381","display_name":"Defence and Peace Economics","issn_l":"1024-2694","issn":["1024-2694","1476-8267"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Defence and Peace Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089775805","display_name":"Gilles Carbonnier","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I951315","display_name":"Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/007ygn379","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I951315"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gilles Carbonnier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Development Studies Section, The Graduate Institute of International Development Studies, Gen\u00e8ve, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Development Studies Section, The Graduate Institute of International Development Studies, Gen\u00e8ve, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I951315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018254962","display_name":"Natascha Wagner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0830-6429","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0830-6429"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405273105","display_name":"International Institute of Social Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/059fp9t53","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405273105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","display_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/057w15z03","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natascha Wagner","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Institute of Social Studies of Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Hague, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Institute of Social Studies of Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Hague, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405273105","https://openalex.org/I913958620"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089775805"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I951315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6601,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93781695,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1","first_page":"115","last_page":"132"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11823","display_name":"Natural Resources and Economic Development","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11823","display_name":"Natural Resources and Economic Development","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13867","display_name":"Economic Growth and Development","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-dependence","display_name":"resource dependence","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/armed-conflict","display_name":"armed conflict","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/armed-violence","display_name":"armed violence","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homicide-rates","display_name":"homicide rates","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weak-sustainability","display_name":"weak sustainability","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adjusted-net-savings","display_name":"adjusted net savings","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commodity-boom","display_name":"commodity boom","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-expenditure","display_name":"education expenditure","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital","display_name":"human capital","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-resource-exports","display_name":"natural resource exports","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.7329999804496765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127598652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635","display_name":"Per capita","level":3,"score":0.6652606129646301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29985473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188460","display_name":"Natural resource","level":2,"score":0.5549453496932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780761599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72596","display_name":"Resource curse","level":3,"score":0.5314368605613708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C525541732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149086","display_name":"Homicide","level":4,"score":0.5237790942192078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5183085799217224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.45672187209129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.42086246609687805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.3767503499984741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.36761054396629333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.32741811871528625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2991771697998047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.23353919386863708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.14737674593925476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.11065852642059326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.09120339155197144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.08902904391288757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10242694.2013.848580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2013.848580","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2013.848580","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S191005381","display_name":"Defence and Peace Economics","issn_l":"1024-2694","issn":["1024-2694","1476-8267"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Defence and Peace Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.eur.nl:openaire_cris_publications/7e3d56c8-487d-4a58-9481-ef32b1813b5c","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.eur.nl/en/publications/7e3d56c8-487d-4a58-9481-ef32b1813b5c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401266","display_name":"EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","host_organization_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wagner, W & Carbonnier, G 2013, 'Resource Dependence and Armed Violence: Impact on Sustainability in Developing Countries', Defence & Peace Economics, pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2013.848580","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:eur:oai:pure.eur.nl:publications/7e3d56c8-487d-4a58-9481-ef32b1813b5c","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.eur.nl/en/publications/7e3d56c8-487d-4a58-9481-ef32b1813b5c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401266","display_name":"EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","host_organization_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Defence & Peace Economics, 1 - 18","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:taf:defpea:v:26:y:2015:i:1:p:115-132","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10242694.2013.848580","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.graduateinstitute.ch:292200","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.graduateinstitute.ch/record/292200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402451","display_name":"Graduate Institute Geneva Institutional Repository (Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I951315","host_organization_name":"Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I951315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://repository.graduateinstitute.ch/record/292200","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066/242659","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/handle/2066/242659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401067","display_name":"Radboud Repository (Radboud University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","host_organization_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Defence and Peace Economics, 26, 1, pp. 115-132","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9200000166893005}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.46000000834465027}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W157673273","https://openalex.org/W217874868","https://openalex.org/W237151549","https://openalex.org/W248515440","https://openalex.org/W349692903","https://openalex.org/W576126423","https://openalex.org/W1490396779","https://openalex.org/W1513742394","https://openalex.org/W1536239738","https://openalex.org/W1537607133","https://openalex.org/W1553279777","https://openalex.org/W1563181515","https://openalex.org/W1577780627","https://openalex.org/W1694537028","https://openalex.org/W1970554094","https://openalex.org/W2003164001","https://openalex.org/W2019407676","https://openalex.org/W2028288804","https://openalex.org/W2029141371","https://openalex.org/W2038491445","https://openalex.org/W2041692102","https://openalex.org/W2044164198","https://openalex.org/W2057888188","https://openalex.org/W2059378648","https://openalex.org/W2070631858","https://openalex.org/W2089033907","https://openalex.org/W2096137869","https://openalex.org/W2107449198","https://openalex.org/W2113337769","https://openalex.org/W2119388640","https://openalex.org/W2123219467","https://openalex.org/W2127834474","https://openalex.org/W2128395238","https://openalex.org/W2133627192","https://openalex.org/W2133941798","https://openalex.org/W2142568952","https://openalex.org/W2144289211","https://openalex.org/W2147914926","https://openalex.org/W2148861750","https://openalex.org/W2155717941","https://openalex.org/W2159363815","https://openalex.org/W2161503813","https://openalex.org/W2165268712","https://openalex.org/W2165796007","https://openalex.org/W2166593167","https://openalex.org/W2167940296","https://openalex.org/W2337150717","https://openalex.org/W2506338504","https://openalex.org/W3024878631","https://openalex.org/W3121165094","https://openalex.org/W3122074090","https://openalex.org/W3124131699","https://openalex.org/W3124166904","https://openalex.org/W3124225789","https://openalex.org/W3124804931","https://openalex.org/W3125071811","https://openalex.org/W3125117789","https://openalex.org/W4205843959","https://openalex.org/W4211196534","https://openalex.org/W4255055688","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4299846046"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7095647394","https://openalex.org/W7011621754","https://openalex.org/W7099187354","https://openalex.org/W2128395238","https://openalex.org/W624227909","https://openalex.org/W4206315258","https://openalex.org/W2096137869","https://openalex.org/W4406217756","https://openalex.org/W4390480010","https://openalex.org/W2333941659"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"dependence":[1,28,156],"on":[2,13,29,43,120,159],"oil,":[3],"gas,":[4],"and":[5,63,80,108,157,174,193],"mineral":[6],"exports":[7],"arguably":[8],"has":[9,116],"a":[10,44,57,117,128,145,187],"negative":[11,58],"impact":[12,25,153],"economic":[14],"growth":[15],"in":[16,131,169],"resource-rich,":[17],"developing":[18,48],"countries.":[19],"This":[20],"article":[21],"looks":[22],"at":[23,73,186],"the":[24,51,74,86,132,152,179],"of":[26,37,46,77,154,182],"resource":[27,61,96,155],"adjusted":[30],"net":[31],"savings":[32],"(ANS)":[33],"as":[34,66,83],"an":[35],"indicator":[36],"weak":[38],"sustainability.":[39],"Our":[40,123],"results,":[41],"based":[42],"panel":[45],"104":[47],"countries":[49,167],"during":[50],"recent":[52],"commodity":[53],"price":[54],"boom,":[55],"confirm":[56],"relationship":[59],"between":[60],"extraction":[62],"sustainable":[64,121],"development":[65],"measured":[67],"by":[68,85,139],"ANS.":[69],"We":[70],"further":[71,150],"look":[72],"specific":[75],"role":[76],"armed":[78,81,114,172],"conflict":[79,173],"violence":[82,115,158,175],"captured":[84],"homicide":[87,133],"rate.":[88],"Armed":[89],"conflict,":[90],"which":[91],"is":[92],"positively":[93],"associated":[94],"with":[95,163],"dependence,":[97],"negatively":[98],"affects":[99],"ANS":[100,136,147],"per":[101,137],"capita":[102,138],"according":[103],"to":[104],"both":[105],"our":[106],"OLS":[107],"instrumental":[109],"variables":[110],"(IV)":[111],"estimates.":[112],"Similarly,":[113],"detrimental":[118,188],"effect":[119,189],"development.":[122],"IV":[124],"estimate":[125],"suggests":[126],"that":[127],"one-point":[129],"increase":[130],"rate":[134],"decreases":[135],"$60.":[140],"Since":[141],"education":[142,170,183],"expenditures":[143],"are":[144],"critical":[146],"component,":[148],"we":[149],"examine":[151],"human":[160],"capital.":[161],"Consistent":[162],"previous":[164],"findings,":[165],"resource-dependent":[166],"underinvest":[168],"but":[171],"do":[176],"not":[177],"affect":[178],"instantaneous":[180],"share":[181],"expenditures,":[184],"hinting":[185],"working":[190],"through":[191],"physical":[192],"social":[194],"capital":[195],"rather":[196],"than":[197],"education.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}