{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2009817583","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/501443","title":"The Small\u2010Scale Environment of Quasars","display_name":"The Small\u2010Scale Environment of Quasars","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-05-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2009817583","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/501443","mag":"2009817583"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/501443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/501443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/501443","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/501443/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/501443/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Will Serber","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Will Serber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University Observatory, Princeton, NJ 08544"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University Observatory, Princeton, NJ 08544","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036500718","display_name":"Neta A. Bahcall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8226-9825","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8226-9825"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neta Bahcall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University Observatory, Princeton, NJ 08544"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University Observatory, Princeton, NJ 08544","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Brice Menard","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40036882","display_name":"Institute for Advanced Study","ror":"https://ror.org/00f809463","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40036882"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brice Menard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Advanced Study, Einstein Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Advanced Study, Einstein Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40036882"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Gordon Richards","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gordon Richards","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University Observatory, Princeton, NJ 08544"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University Observatory, Princeton, NJ 08544","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7295,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":105,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96011565,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"643","issue":"1","first_page":"68","last_page":"74"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10744","display_name":"Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10477","display_name":"Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quasars","display_name":"quasars","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quasar-host-galaxies","display_name":"quasar host galaxies","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/l-galaxies","display_name":"L* galaxies","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galaxy-mergers","display_name":"galaxy mergers","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galaxy-interactions","display_name":"galaxy interactions","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galaxy-density-field","display_name":"galaxy density field","score":0.4129999876022339}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135041427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83373","display_name":"Quasar","level":3,"score":0.984499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.9186000227928162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.8334000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50083752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7073158","display_name":"OVV quasar","level":4,"score":0.7210999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73329638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527","display_name":"Sky","level":2,"score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33024259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76250","display_name":"Redshift","level":3,"score":0.6456000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.6261000037193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12287442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105902","display_name":"Luminosity","level":3,"score":0.5566999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.4797999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43481613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46587","display_name":"Active galactic nucleus","level":3,"score":0.383899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17959413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899219","display_name":"Luminosity function","level":4,"score":0.3361000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126691448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2028919","display_name":"Magnitude (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778521188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7607197","display_name":"Stellar density","level":3,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174802034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1995140","display_name":"Galaxy formation and evolution","level":3,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26405456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338","display_name":"Cosmology","level":2,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779652233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3944","display_name":"Local Group","level":4,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69672822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1670901","display_name":"Reionization","level":4,"score":0.2554999887943268}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/501443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/501443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/501443","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/501443/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:astro-ph/0601522","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0601522","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0601522","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cds.cern.ch:924051","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cds.cern.ch/record/924051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402195","display_name":"CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0601522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0601522","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0601522","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/501443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/501443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/501443","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/501443/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306151","display_name":"Alfred P. Sloan Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/052csg198"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309292","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310094","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310145","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310174","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311064","display_name":"University of Portsmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/03ykbk197"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311400","display_name":"New Mexico State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hpz7z43"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322434","display_name":"Max-Planck-Gesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhn8329"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331606","display_name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Astronomie","ror":"https://ror.org/01vhnrs90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337643","display_name":"U.S. Naval Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/048s2rn92"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338288","display_name":"Fermilab","ror":"https://ror.org/020hgte69"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338304","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2009817583.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2009817583.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1505984127","https://openalex.org/W1547045459","https://openalex.org/W1847269195","https://openalex.org/W1969206417","https://openalex.org/W1978875836","https://openalex.org/W1979742375","https://openalex.org/W1989645959","https://openalex.org/W1992833047","https://openalex.org/W1993200911","https://openalex.org/W1996494007","https://openalex.org/W2011316234","https://openalex.org/W2018550426","https://openalex.org/W2019311888","https://openalex.org/W2020878177","https://openalex.org/W2024844780","https://openalex.org/W2026619221","https://openalex.org/W2032327414","https://openalex.org/W2034321209","https://openalex.org/W2037502800","https://openalex.org/W2039456179","https://openalex.org/W2040418568","https://openalex.org/W2051694884","https://openalex.org/W2053320433","https://openalex.org/W2063568047","https://openalex.org/W2070689723","https://openalex.org/W2077591225","https://openalex.org/W2079187653","https://openalex.org/W2079263871","https://openalex.org/W2084340612","https://openalex.org/W2088110369","https://openalex.org/W2093152317","https://openalex.org/W2099005389","https://openalex.org/W2103263072","https://openalex.org/W2109510044","https://openalex.org/W2112668832","https://openalex.org/W2120590171","https://openalex.org/W2127456147","https://openalex.org/W2133778146","https://openalex.org/W2150331774","https://openalex.org/W2155711232","https://openalex.org/W2157544440","https://openalex.org/W2157917411","https://openalex.org/W2160731555","https://openalex.org/W2333656526","https://openalex.org/W2599583766","https://openalex.org/W4300064035"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096767302","https://openalex.org/W4394661465","https://openalex.org/W2144506066","https://openalex.org/W2979312616","https://openalex.org/W2052322637","https://openalex.org/W2121438387","https://openalex.org/W3033628053","https://openalex.org/W1964752429","https://openalex.org/W2612459159","https://openalex.org/W2766561905"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Where":[0],"do":[1,21,178],"quasars":[2,5,52,65,91,143,170,187,208,256],"reside?":[3],"Are":[4],"located":[6,75],"in":[7,76,172,254,259],"environments":[8,145],"similar":[9],"to":[10,26,47,99,135,147,214,245,279],"those":[11,148],"of":[12,37,51,60,110,121,149,220,243,268,282],"typical":[13,83],"L":[14,84,102,126,150,200,221,260],"*":[15,85,103,127,151,201,222,261],"galaxies,":[16,202],"and,":[17],"if":[18],"not,":[19],"how":[20],"they":[22],"differ?":[23],"An":[24],"answer":[25],"this":[27,114,273],"question":[28],"will":[29],"help":[30],"shed":[31],"light":[32],"on":[33,158,229,238],"the":[34,42,49,58,96,111,116,164,167,185,204,227,280],"triggering":[35,281],"process":[36],"quasar":[38,159,230,283],"activity.":[39],"We":[40,62],"use":[41],"Sloan":[43],"Digital":[44],"Sky":[45],"Survey":[46],"study":[48],"environment":[50,59,89],"and":[53,287],"compare":[54],"it":[55],"directly":[56],"with":[57,133],"galaxies.":[61,86,128,152,223],"find":[63],"that":[64,100,219],"(":[66,188,209],"M":[67,189,210],"i":[68,190,211],"\u2264":[69,72,191,247],"-22,":[70],"z":[71,246],"0.4)":[73],"are":[74,82],"higher":[77,173],"local":[78,94,174,266,274],"overdensity":[79,97,117,130,175,183,237],"regions":[80,176],"than":[81,124,177,198],"The":[87,129,153,181,236,249],"enhanced":[88],"around":[90,101,125,184,199,206],"is":[92,105,118,193,216,232,241],"a":[93,119,252,265],"phenomenon;":[95],"relative":[98],"galaxies":[104,262],"strongest":[106],"within":[107,270],"100":[108],"kpc":[109],"quasars.":[112,180],"In":[113],"region,":[115],"factor":[120],"1.4":[122],"larger":[123,197],"declines":[131],"monotonically":[132],"scale":[134],"nearly":[136,194],"unity":[137],"at":[138,163],"~1":[139],"h":[140],"Mpc,":[141,226],"where":[142],"inhabit":[144],"comparable":[146],"small-scale":[154],"density":[155,205,275],"enhancement":[156],"depends":[157],"luminosity,":[160],"but":[161,263],"only":[162],"brightest":[165,186],"end:":[166],"most":[168],"luminous":[169],"reside":[171,258],"fainter":[179],"mean":[182],"-23.3)":[192,215],"3":[195],"times":[196,218],"while":[203],"dimmer":[207],"=":[212],"-22.0":[213],"~1.4":[217],"By":[224],"~0.5":[225],"dependence":[228],"luminosity":[231],"no":[233],"longer":[234],"significant.":[235],"all":[239],"scales":[240],"independent":[242],"redshift":[244],"0.4.":[248],"results":[250],"suggest":[251],"picture":[253],"which":[255],"typically":[257],"have":[264],"excess":[267,276],"neighbors":[269],"~0.1-0.5":[271],"Mpc;":[272],"likely":[277],"contributes":[278],"activity":[284],"through":[285],"mergers":[286],"other":[288],"interactions.":[289]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
