{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2009721398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hp.0000346799.65001.9c","title":"PREDICTION OF FREQUENCY AND EXPOSURE LEVEL OF SOLAR PARTICLE EVENTS","display_name":"PREDICTION OF FREQUENCY AND EXPOSURE LEVEL OF SOLAR PARTICLE EVENTS","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-06-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2009721398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hp.0000346799.65001.9c","mag":"2009721398","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19509510"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/01.hp.0000346799.65001.9c","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hp.0000346799.65001.9c","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hp.0000346799.65001.9c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100299040","display_name":"Health Physics","issn_l":"0017-9078","issn":["0017-9078","1538-5159"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085131349","display_name":"Myung\u2010Hee Y. Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5575-6858","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5575-6858"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329765538","display_name":"Universities Space Research Association","ror":"https://ror.org/043pgqy52","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329765538"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Myung-Hee Y. Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universities Space Research Association, Division of Space Life Sciences, 2101 NASA Parkway, SK/SRPE/B37, Houston, TX 77058, USA. myung-hee.y.kim@nasa.gov","Universities Space Research Association, Division of Space Life Sciences, 2101 NASA Parkway, SK/SRPE/B37, Houston, TX 77058"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universities Space Research Association, Division of Space Life Sciences, 2101 NASA Parkway, SK/SRPE/B37, Houston, TX 77058, USA. myung-hee.y.kim@nasa.gov","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329765538"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universities Space Research Association, Division of Space Life Sciences, 2101 NASA Parkway, SK/SRPE/B37, Houston, TX 77058","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329765538"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086060000","display_name":"Matthew J. Hayat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3252-2255","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3252-2255"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329765538","display_name":"Universities Space Research Association","ror":"https://ror.org/043pgqy52","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329765538"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matthew J. Hayat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Currently at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205","Universities Space Research Association, Division of Space Life Sciences, 2101 NASA Parkway, SK/SRPE/B37, Houston, TX 77058"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Currently at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universities Space Research Association, Division of Space Life Sciences, 2101 NASA Parkway, SK/SRPE/B37, Houston, TX 77058","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329765538"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109855656","display_name":"Alan H. Feiveson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149382","display_name":"Johnson Space Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04xx4z452","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779","https://openalex.org/I4210149382"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan H. Feiveson","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149382"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109883541","display_name":"Francis A. Cucinotta","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149382","display_name":"Johnson Space Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04xx4z452","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779","https://openalex.org/I4210149382"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francis A. Cucinotta","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149382"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085131349","https://openalex.org/A5086060000"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329765538","https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9448,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":73,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89990251,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"97","issue":"1","first_page":"68","last_page":"81"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10251","display_name":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","score":0.9330999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10251","display_name":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","score":0.9330999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.02329999953508377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11359","display_name":"Effects of Radiation Exposure","score":0.004900000058114529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-energetic-particle-events","display_name":"solar energetic particle events","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-homogeneous-poisson-process","display_name":"non-homogeneous Poisson process","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-fluence","display_name":"proton fluence","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-cycle","display_name":"solar cycle","score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiation-exposure","display_name":"radiation exposure","score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astronaut-radiation-protection","display_name":"astronaut radiation protection","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spacecraft-shielding","display_name":"spacecraft shielding","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-spectrum","display_name":"energy spectrum","score":0.5350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-risk-assessment","display_name":"probabilistic risk assessment","score":0.7910000085830688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29829512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40218","display_name":"Spacecraft","level":2,"score":0.561901867389679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2265751","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332007","display_name":"Electromagnetic shielding","level":2,"score":0.5592564344406128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5154436826705933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.49344006180763245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.4904050827026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54516573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294","display_name":"Proton","level":2,"score":0.4892675578594208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100906024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205692","display_name":"Poisson distribution","level":2,"score":0.4687248468399048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22078206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418023","display_name":"Fluence","level":3,"score":0.46234503388404846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43867161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49385","display_name":"Solar cycle","level":4,"score":0.43584197759628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111309251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11547","display_name":"Cosmic ray","level":2,"score":0.4132583737373352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3401884436607361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.25115272402763367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.2087906301021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82706917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10251","display_name":"Plasma","level":2,"score":0.16917425394058228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111337013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2737837","display_name":"Irradiation","level":2,"score":0.1641419231891632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1615663468837738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.09481281042098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108411613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79833","display_name":"Solar wind","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001822","descriptor_name":"Body Burden","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003359","descriptor_name":"Cosmic Radiation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011829","descriptor_name":"Radiation Dosage","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011834","descriptor_name":"Radiation Monitoring","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012062","descriptor_name":"Relative Biological Effectiveness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014915","descriptor_name":"Whole-Body Counting","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019445","descriptor_name":"Solar Activity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/01.hp.0000346799.65001.9c","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hp.0000346799.65001.9c","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hp.0000346799.65001.9c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100299040","display_name":"Health Physics","issn_l":"0017-9078","issn":["0017-9078","1538-5159"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19509510","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19509510","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health physics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W206839309","https://openalex.org/W1485220543","https://openalex.org/W1489878795","https://openalex.org/W1517358770","https://openalex.org/W1532493196","https://openalex.org/W1976038152","https://openalex.org/W1980981554","https://openalex.org/W1987451477","https://openalex.org/W1997402263","https://openalex.org/W1997436671","https://openalex.org/W2015506862","https://openalex.org/W2017121946","https://openalex.org/W2020163353","https://openalex.org/W2037785908","https://openalex.org/W2044902276","https://openalex.org/W2055089964","https://openalex.org/W2064326329","https://openalex.org/W2065196211","https://openalex.org/W2086394495","https://openalex.org/W2116142379","https://openalex.org/W2120810793","https://openalex.org/W2146821391","https://openalex.org/W2150346868","https://openalex.org/W2173229798","https://openalex.org/W2623408274","https://openalex.org/W2743708664","https://openalex.org/W3008672311","https://openalex.org/W3118771368","https://openalex.org/W6739443972"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536798495","https://openalex.org/W7005445286","https://openalex.org/W2490681065","https://openalex.org/W3174122559","https://openalex.org/W2157562134","https://openalex.org/W1513967105","https://openalex.org/W827979390","https://openalex.org/W2116142379","https://openalex.org/W753881483","https://openalex.org/W2015506862"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"future":[1,257],"space":[2,151,164,258],"missions":[3],"outside":[4],"of":[5,12,50,78,97,101,114,135,157,182,199,210,221,230],"the":[6,10,47,106,126,132,163,180,214,219,222,226],"Earth's":[7],"magnetic":[8],"field,":[9],"risk":[11,244],"radiation":[13,35],"exposure":[14],"from":[15,87,118],"solar":[16,56,83,109],"particle":[17],"events":[18,212],"(SPEs)":[19],"during":[20,105,148],"extra-vehicular":[21],"activities":[22],"(EVAs)":[23],"or":[24],"in":[25,63,122,162,241],"lightly":[26],"shielded":[27],"vehicles":[28],"is":[29,52],"a":[30,68,73,81,88,95,149,188,194,197,208],"major":[31],"concern":[32],"when":[33],"designing":[34],"protection":[36,252],"including":[37],"determining":[38],"sufficient":[39],"shielding":[40],"requirements":[41],"for":[42,80,187,251,254],"astronauts":[43,255],"and":[44,112,175,249],"hardware.":[45],"While":[46],"expected":[48,75,133],"frequency":[49,134],"SPEs":[51,79,102,116,136,160],"strongly":[53],"influenced":[54],"by":[55],"modulation,":[57],"SPE":[58,211],"occurrences":[59],"themselves":[60],"are":[61],"chaotic":[62],"nature.":[64],"We":[65],"report":[66],"on":[67,256],"probabilistic":[69,243],"modeling":[70],"approach,":[71],"where":[72],"cumulative":[74],"occurrence":[76],"curve":[77],"typical":[82,189],"cycle":[84],"was":[85,205],"formed":[86],"non-homogeneous":[89],"Poisson":[90,215],"process":[91],"model":[92,216],"fitted":[93,127,167],"to":[94,173,178,217],"database":[96],"proton":[98,140],"fluence":[99,141],"measurements":[100],"that":[103],"occurred":[104],"past":[107],"5":[108],"cycles":[110],"(19-23)":[111],"those":[113],"large":[115,159],"identified":[117],"impulsive":[119],"nitrate":[120],"enhancements":[121],"polar":[123],"ice.":[124],"From":[125],"model,":[128],"we":[129],"then":[130],"estimated":[131],"at":[137,247],"any":[138],"given":[139],"threshold":[142],"with":[143,207],"energy":[144,155,170],">30":[145],"MeV":[146],"(Phi(30))":[147],"defined":[150],"mission":[152],"period.":[153],"Analytic":[154],"spectra":[156],"34":[158],"observed":[161],"era":[165],"were":[166],"over":[168],"broad":[169],"ranges":[171],"extending":[172],"GeV,":[174],"subsequently":[176],"used":[177],"calculate":[179],"distribution":[181,204],"mGy":[183],"equivalent":[184],"(mGy-Eq)":[185],"dose":[186,224],"blood-forming":[190],"organ":[191],"(BFO)":[192],"inside":[193],"spacecraft":[195],"as":[196],"function":[198],"total":[200],"Phi(30)":[201],"fluence.":[202],"This":[203],"combined":[206],"simulation":[209],"using":[213],"estimate":[218],"probability":[220],"BFO":[223],"exceeding":[225],"NASA":[227,248],"30-d":[228],"limit":[229],"250":[231],"mGy-Eq":[232],"per":[233],"30":[234],"d.":[235],"These":[236],"results":[237],"will":[238],"be":[239],"useful":[240],"implementing":[242],"assessment":[245],"approaches":[246],"guidelines":[250],"systems":[253],"exploration":[259],"missions.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}