{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2009491902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3123399","title":"The Transformation of Moravian Bethlehem: From Communal Mission to Family Economy","display_name":"The Transformation of Moravian Bethlehem: From Communal Mission to Family Economy","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2009491902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3123399","mag":"2009491902"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/3123399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3123399","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3123399","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7010830","display_name":"Journal of the Early Republic","issn_l":"0275-1275","issn":["0275-1275","1553-0620"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319947","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319947","https://openalex.org/P4310316230"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Pennsylvania Press","University of Pennsylvania"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Early Republic","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026481964","display_name":"David L. Ferch","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David L. Ferch","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055778873","display_name":"Beverly Prior Smaby","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beverly Prior Smaby","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.4819,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95870316,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"3","first_page":"417","last_page":"417"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14426","display_name":"Religion, Gender, and Enlightenment","score":0.3628000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14426","display_name":"Religion, Gender, and Enlightenment","score":0.3628000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11507","display_name":"Religion and Society Interactions","score":0.24130000174045563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12409","display_name":"Reformation and Early Modern Christianity","score":0.1469999998807907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moravian-church","display_name":"Moravian Church","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communal-economy","display_name":"communal economy","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-economy","display_name":"household economy","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secularization","display_name":"secularization","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-family","display_name":"nuclear family","score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-stratification","display_name":"social stratification","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-roles","display_name":"gender roles","score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiritual-biography","display_name":"religious biography","score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moravian-church-history","display_name":"Moravian Church history","score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bethlehem-pennsylvania","display_name":"Bethlehem, Pennsylvania","score":0.7279999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.611105740070343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.4567405581474304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3821565508842468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2691548764705658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/3123399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3123399","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3123399","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7010830","display_name":"Journal of the Early Republic","issn_l":"0275-1275","issn":["0275-1275","1553-0620"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319947","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319947","https://openalex.org/P4310316230"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Pennsylvania Press","University of Pennsylvania"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Early Republic","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7394017","https://openalex.org/W2900336984","https://openalex.org/W1554887218","https://openalex.org/W2152624973","https://openalex.org/W4415627372","https://openalex.org/W597547905","https://openalex.org/W2905151956","https://openalex.org/W1534919761","https://openalex.org/W571256497","https://openalex.org/W2224073881"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,122],"Moravians":[1],"who":[2],"settled":[3],"Bethlehem,":[4,126],"Pennsylvania,":[5],"in":[6,34,44,174],"1742":[7],"were":[8,59,184],"committed":[9],"to":[10,24,41,89,111,163,168,227,245,276],"a":[11,26,30,84,92,187,210,242,266],"society":[12,203],"centered":[13],"around":[14],"missionary":[15],"work.":[16],"To":[17,51],"free":[18],"their":[19,39,149],"missionaries":[20],"from":[21,199,259],"the":[22,42,64,79,114,118,131,144,153,165,279],"need":[23],"earn":[25],"living,":[27],"they":[28],"formed":[29],"communal":[31,202],"economic":[32],"organization":[33],"which":[35,183],"all":[36],"workers":[37],"gave":[38],"labor":[40],"community":[43,94,212,248],"exchange":[45],"for":[46],"food,":[47],"shelter,":[48],"and":[49,61,69,73,160,207,229,235,252,269],"clothing.":[50],"encourage":[52],"each":[53],"individual's":[54],"religious":[55,223],"development,":[56],"family":[57,228],"ties":[58],"deemphasized":[60],"members":[62,277],"of":[63,95,117,124,133,148,181,189,204,213,232,263,273,278],"same":[65],"sex,":[66],"marital":[67],"status,":[68],"age":[70],"slept,":[71],"worked,":[72],"worshipped":[74],"together.":[75],"After":[76],"20":[77],"years,":[78,194],"worldwide":[80],"Moravian":[81,125,190,280],"Church,":[82],"facing":[83],"financial":[85],"crisis,":[86],"ordered":[87],"Bethlehem":[88,107,197],"reorganize":[90],"into":[91,209],"traditional":[93],"nuclear":[96],"families.":[97],"It":[98],"was":[99,220],"hoped":[100],"that,":[101],"under":[102],"this":[103,134,240],"more":[104],"conventional":[105],"arrangement,":[106],"could":[108],"be":[109,272],"expected":[110],"help":[112],"pay":[113],"huge":[115],"debts":[116],"parent":[119],"church.":[120],"In":[121],"Transformation":[123],"Beverly":[127],"Prior":[128],"Smaby":[129,195],"traces":[130,172],"effects":[132],"change":[135,173],"on":[136,247,265],"Bethlehem's":[137],"Moravians,":[138],"demonstrating":[139],"how":[140],"it":[141,270],"altered":[142],"even":[143],"most":[145],"intimate":[146],"aspects":[147],"lives.":[150],"She":[151,171],"analyzes":[152],"unusually":[154],"accurate":[155],"marriage,":[156],"birth,":[157],"death,":[158],"migration,":[159],"census":[161],"records":[162],"assess":[164],"demographic":[166],"response":[167],"institutional":[169],"change.":[170],"cultural":[175,218],"norms":[176],"through":[177],"unique":[178],"technical":[179],"analyses":[180],"biographies":[182],"read":[185],"at":[186],"variety":[188],"gatherings.":[191],"Within":[192],"100":[193],"asserts,":[196],"grew":[198],"an":[200],"egalitarian":[201],"symbolic":[205],"Brothers":[206],"Sisters":[208],"privatized":[211],"socially":[214],"stratified":[215],"families":[216],"whose":[217],"ideal":[219],"no":[221],"longer":[222],"service":[224],"but":[225],"usefulness":[226],"society.":[230],"Scholars":[231],"American":[233],"history":[234],"folk":[236],"life":[237],"will":[238,257,271],"find":[239],"book":[241],"valuable":[243],"addition":[244],"literature":[246],"history,":[249],"social":[250],"change,":[251],"historical":[253],"methods.":[254],"Church":[255],"historians":[256],"benefit":[258],"its":[260],"in-depth":[261],"study":[262],"secularization":[264],"personal":[267],"level,":[268],"keen":[274],"interest":[275],"Church.":[281]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}