{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2009221979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/589969","title":"Are Anomalous Cosmic Rays the Main Contribution to the Low-Energy Galactic Cosmic Ray Spectrum?","display_name":"Are Anomalous Cosmic Rays the Main Contribution to the Low-Energy Galactic Cosmic Ray Spectrum?","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2009221979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/589969","mag":"2009221979"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/589969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/589969","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/589969","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/589969/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/589969/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011691820","display_name":"K. Scherer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9530-1396","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9530-1396"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Scherer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Theoretische Physik, Lehrstuhl IV: Weltraum- und Astrophysik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Theoretische Physik, Lehrstuhl IV: Weltraum- und Astrophysik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065357584","display_name":"H. Fichtner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9151-5127","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9151-5127"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Fichtner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Theoretische Physik, Lehrstuhl IV: Weltraum- und Astrophysik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Theoretische Physik, Lehrstuhl IV: Weltraum- und Astrophysik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075719082","display_name":"Stefan E. S. Ferreira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8264-1044","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8264-1044"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27765905","display_name":"North-West University","ror":"https://ror.org/010f1sq29","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27765905"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. E. S. Ferreira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unit for Space Physics, North-West University, 2520, Potchefstroom, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unit for Space Physics, North-West University, 2520, Potchefstroom, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27765905"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106715526","display_name":"I. B\u00fcsching","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27765905","display_name":"North-West University","ror":"https://ror.org/010f1sq29","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27765905"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. B\u00fcsching","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unit for Space Physics, North-West University, 2520, Potchefstroom, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unit for Space Physics, North-West University, 2520, Potchefstroom, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27765905"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015251382","display_name":"Marius S Potgieter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0793-7333","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0793-7333"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27765905","display_name":"North-West University","ror":"https://ror.org/010f1sq29","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27765905"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. S. Potgieter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unit for Space Physics, North-West University, 2520, Potchefstroom, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unit for Space Physics, North-West University, 2520, Potchefstroom, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27765905"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.789,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84840574,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"680","issue":"2","first_page":"L105","last_page":"L108"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10818","display_name":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.7455999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10818","display_name":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.7455999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10251","display_name":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","score":0.24609999358654022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10477","display_name":"Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies","score":0.0035000001080334187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomalous-cosmic-rays","display_name":"anomalous cosmic rays","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galactic-cosmic-ray-spectrum","display_name":"galactic cosmic ray spectrum","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-energy-cosmic-rays","display_name":"low-energy cosmic rays","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heliosheath","display_name":"heliosheath","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voyager-1","display_name":"Voyager 1","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/termination-shock","display_name":"termination shock","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heliopause","display_name":"heliopause","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astrospheres","display_name":"astrospheres","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-like-stars","display_name":"solar-type stars","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosmic-ray-acceleration","display_name":"cosmic ray acceleration","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-interstellar-spectrum","display_name":"local interstellar spectrum","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heliosphere","display_name":"heliosphere","score":0.6060000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.9628512859344482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54834619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131687","display_name":"Heliosphere","level":4,"score":0.9528768658638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111309251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11547","display_name":"Cosmic ray","level":2,"score":0.9031181335449219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.7630403637886047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.6189138293266296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196939603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41872","display_name":"Interstellar medium","level":3,"score":0.6156435608863831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.5153974294662476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108411613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79833","display_name":"Solar wind","level":3,"score":0.5076926946640015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91752515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1770333","display_name":"Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray","level":3,"score":0.45440030097961426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82706917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10251","display_name":"Plasma","level":2,"score":0.16433563828468323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.07448592782020569}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/589969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/589969","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/589969","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/589969/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.nwu.ac.za:10394/2752","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2752","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402268","display_name":"Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","host_organization_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/589969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/589969","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/589969","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/589969/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2009221979.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2009221979.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W70729555","https://openalex.org/W190693450","https://openalex.org/W1569925696","https://openalex.org/W1630228295","https://openalex.org/W1677144225","https://openalex.org/W1963878855","https://openalex.org/W1964043604","https://openalex.org/W1964170027","https://openalex.org/W1966584002","https://openalex.org/W1974741022","https://openalex.org/W1995721427","https://openalex.org/W1998754286","https://openalex.org/W2003833064","https://openalex.org/W2004207136","https://openalex.org/W2007714515","https://openalex.org/W2013100799","https://openalex.org/W2039664625","https://openalex.org/W2042102178","https://openalex.org/W2045469362","https://openalex.org/W2060204197","https://openalex.org/W2063905880","https://openalex.org/W2077641798","https://openalex.org/W2081823673","https://openalex.org/W2087364146","https://openalex.org/W2107415832","https://openalex.org/W2107558798","https://openalex.org/W2115192482","https://openalex.org/W2128457804","https://openalex.org/W2160605281","https://openalex.org/W2163677272","https://openalex.org/W3099757632","https://openalex.org/W3103512617","https://openalex.org/W4293241604"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1611507789","https://openalex.org/W1530169983","https://openalex.org/W1759064677","https://openalex.org/W3003574784","https://openalex.org/W2995890836","https://openalex.org/W3003057814","https://openalex.org/W2008392125","https://openalex.org/W2029926846","https://openalex.org/W3114343318","https://openalex.org/W3091347322"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"the":[1,5,34,39,42,48,55,74,82,87,97,109,124,143,167,171],"high-energy":[2],"part":[3,77],"of":[4,59,92,149,170],"Galactic":[6,60],"cosmic":[7,61,94,146],"ray":[8,147],"spectrum":[9,58,173],"is":[10,23,78,99],"well":[11],"observed,":[12],"its":[13],"nature":[14],"at":[15,63],"energies":[16],"below":[17],"about":[18],"1":[19,36,107],"GeV":[20],"nucleon":[21],"-1":[22],"still":[24],"not":[25],"known":[26],"well.":[27],"Recent":[28],"in":[29,38,81,86,96,137],"situ":[30],"measurements":[31],"made":[32],"with":[33,130],"Voyager":[35,106],"spacecraft":[37],"heliosheath":[40,98],"between":[41],"solar":[43],"wind":[44],"termination":[45,125],"shock":[46],"and":[47,84],"heliopause":[49],"have":[50],"added":[51],"further":[52],"constraints":[53],"on":[54],"local":[56],"interstellar":[57,139,172],"rays":[62,95],"low":[64],"energies.":[65],"We":[66],"show":[67],"here":[68],"that":[69,142],"they":[70],"also":[71],"suggest":[72],"how":[73],"low-energy":[75],"proton":[76],"formed":[79],"locally":[80],"heliosphere":[83],"globally":[85],"Galaxy.":[88],"The":[89],"measured":[90],"flux":[91],"anomalous":[93,145],"unexpectedly":[100],"high":[101],"compared":[102],"to":[103,119,166],"expectations":[104],"before":[105],"reached":[108],"shock,":[110],"which":[111],"might":[112],"be":[113,153,175],"a":[114,154],"temporal":[115],"effect":[116],"or":[117],"due":[118],"an":[120],"additional":[121],"acceleration":[122],"beyond":[123],"shock.":[126],"Combining":[127],"this":[128],"finding":[129],"recent":[131],"model":[132],"results":[133],"for":[134],"astrospheres":[135],"immersed":[136],"different":[138],"environments":[140],"shows":[141],"astrospheric":[144],"fluxes":[148],"solar-type":[150],"stars":[151],"can":[152,174],"hundred":[155],"times":[156],"higher":[157],"than":[158],"thought":[159],"earlier":[160],"and,":[161],"consequently,":[162],"their":[163],"total":[164],"contribution":[165],"lower":[168],"end":[169],"significant.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
