{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2008693536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/514937","title":"Clonal Relationships Among High\u2010Level Penicillin\u2010ResistantStreptococcus pneumoniaein the United States","display_name":"Clonal Relationships Among High\u2010Level Penicillin\u2010ResistantStreptococcus pneumoniaein the United States","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2008693536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/514937","mag":"2008693536","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9798029"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/514937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/514937","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/514937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72350973","display_name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"1058-4838","issn":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109224208","display_name":"Gary V. Doern","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166722992","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/0464eyp60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gary V. Doern","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002892761","display_name":"Angela B. Brueggemann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2329-1934","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2329-1934"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166722992","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/0464eyp60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204308271","display_name":"Medical College of Wisconsin","ror":"https://ror.org/00qqv6244","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204308271"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803043754","display_name":"Henry Ford Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0193sb042","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154057602","https://openalex.org/I2803043754"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angela B. Brueggemann","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the University of Massachusetts Medical Center , Worcester , Massachusetts ;","From the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts; the","Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;","Henry Ford Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan;","Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242","University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the University of Massachusetts Medical Center , Worcester , Massachusetts ;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts; the","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henry Ford Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803043754"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204308271"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012591298","display_name":"Michael E. Blocker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166722992","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/0464eyp60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204308271","display_name":"Medical College of Wisconsin","ror":"https://ror.org/00qqv6244","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204308271"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803043754","display_name":"Henry Ford Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0193sb042","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154057602","https://openalex.org/I2803043754"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Blocker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;","From the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts; the","Henry Ford Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan;","Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242","University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts; the","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henry Ford Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803043754"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204308271"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104091089","display_name":"Michael Dunne","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166722992","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/0464eyp60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204308271","display_name":"Medical College of Wisconsin","ror":"https://ror.org/00qqv6244","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204308271"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803043754","display_name":"Henry Ford Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0193sb042","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154057602","https://openalex.org/I2803043754"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Dunne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;","From the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts; the","Henry Ford Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan;","Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242","University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts; the","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henry Ford Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803043754"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204308271"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110839482","display_name":"Horace Preston Holley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Preston Holley, Jr.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Glaxo Wellcome, Inc. , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina ;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glaxo Wellcome, Inc. , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina ;","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059552280","display_name":"K. Sue Kehl","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166722992","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/0464eyp60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204308271","display_name":"Medical College of Wisconsin","ror":"https://ror.org/00qqv6244","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204308271"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803043754","display_name":"Henry Ford Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0193sb042","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154057602","https://openalex.org/I2803043754"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142782","display_name":"University of Iowa Health Care","ror":"https://ror.org/0431j1t39","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644","https://openalex.org/I4210142782"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karen Sue Kehl","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa;","From the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts; the","Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;","Henry Ford Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan;","Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644","https://openalex.org/I4210142782"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts; the","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henry Ford Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803043754"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204308271"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jen Duval","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166722992","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/0464eyp60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204308271","display_name":"Medical College of Wisconsin","ror":"https://ror.org/00qqv6244","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204308271"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803043754","display_name":"Henry Ford Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0193sb042","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154057602","https://openalex.org/I2803043754"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142782","display_name":"University of Iowa Health Care","ror":"https://ror.org/0431j1t39","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644","https://openalex.org/I4210142782"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jen Duval","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa;","From the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts; the","Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;","Henry Ford Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan;","Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644","https://openalex.org/I4210142782"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts; the","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henry Ford Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803043754"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204308271"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057553771","display_name":"Kari C. Kugler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6971-4827","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6971-4827"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166722992","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/0464eyp60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204308271","display_name":"Medical College of Wisconsin","ror":"https://ror.org/00qqv6244","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204308271"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803043754","display_name":"Henry Ford Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0193sb042","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154057602","https://openalex.org/I2803043754"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142782","display_name":"University of Iowa Health Care","ror":"https://ror.org/0431j1t39","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644","https://openalex.org/I4210142782"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kari Kugler","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa;","From the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts; the","Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;","Henry Ford Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan;","Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644","https://openalex.org/I4210142782"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts; the","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henry Ford Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803043754"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204308271"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002897941","display_name":"Shannon D. Putnam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8353-4400","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8353-4400"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166722992","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/0464eyp60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204308271","display_name":"Medical College of Wisconsin","ror":"https://ror.org/00qqv6244","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204308271"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803043754","display_name":"Henry Ford Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0193sb042","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154057602","https://openalex.org/I2803043754"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shannon Putnam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","From the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts; the","Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;","Henry Ford Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan;","University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242","University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204308271"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts; the","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henry Ford Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803043754"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Allan Rauch","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166722992","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/0464eyp60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204308271","display_name":"Medical College of Wisconsin","ror":"https://ror.org/00qqv6244","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204308271"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803043754","display_name":"Henry Ford Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0193sb042","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154057602","https://openalex.org/I2803043754"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allan Rauch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","From the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts; the","Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;","Henry Ford Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan;","University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242","University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204308271"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts; the","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henry Ford Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803043754"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018102677","display_name":"Michael A. Pfaller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4501-6068","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4501-6068"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166722992","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/0464eyp60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204308271","display_name":"Medical College of Wisconsin","ror":"https://ror.org/00qqv6244","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204308271"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803043754","display_name":"Henry Ford Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0193sb042","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154057602","https://openalex.org/I2803043754"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael A. Pfaller","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts; the","Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;","Henry Ford Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan;","Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242","University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts; the","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henry Ford Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803043754"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204308271"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109224208"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"],"apc_list":{"value":4763,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4763},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.5179,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97486572,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"4","first_page":"757","last_page":"761"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10654","display_name":"Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10654","display_name":"Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10147","display_name":"Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1313","display_name":"Molecular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11688","display_name":"Microbial infections and disease research","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2404","display_name":"Microbiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/streptococcus-pneumoniae","display_name":"Streptococcus pneumoniae","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/penicillin-resistance","display_name":"penicillin resistance","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clonal-relatedness","display_name":"clonal relatedness","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clonal-clusters","display_name":"clonal groups","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-resistance","display_name":"antimicrobial resistance","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serotypes","display_name":"serotypes","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulsed-field-gel-electrophoresis-profiles","display_name":"pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-susceptibility","display_name":"antimicrobial susceptibility","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pneumococcal-surveillance","display_name":"pneumococcal surveillance","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states","display_name":"United States","score":0.6079999804496765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781253189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221179","display_name":"Streptococcus pneumoniae","level":3,"score":0.8488551378250122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174802600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12190","display_name":"Penicillin","level":3,"score":0.7899724245071411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42084846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855275","display_name":"Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis","level":4,"score":0.7807673215866089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10389963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848328","display_name":"Serotype","level":2,"score":0.7441215515136719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.7064645886421204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776152631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4366062","display_name":"Pneumococcal infections","level":4,"score":0.5889756679534912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94665300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63391344","display_name":"Antibiotic resistance","level":3,"score":0.4772112965583801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.4305740296840668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.38775983452796936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3282955288887024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135763542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106016","display_name":"Genotype","level":3,"score":0.11874726414680481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.08386820554733276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0665842592716217}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004269","descriptor_name":"DNA, Bacterial","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010403","descriptor_name":"Penicillin Resistance","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013296","descriptor_name":"Streptococcus pneumoniae","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013296","descriptor_name":"Streptococcus pneumoniae","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013296","descriptor_name":"Streptococcus pneumoniae","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016521","descriptor_name":"Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/514937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/514937","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/514937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72350973","display_name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"1058-4838","issn":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9798029","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9798029","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9537000060081482}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1955612312","https://openalex.org/W1979485641","https://openalex.org/W1982296710","https://openalex.org/W2015295280","https://openalex.org/W2015367763","https://openalex.org/W2019530793","https://openalex.org/W2030666905","https://openalex.org/W2030979941","https://openalex.org/W2035892027","https://openalex.org/W2045758339","https://openalex.org/W2052366759","https://openalex.org/W2061417796","https://openalex.org/W2062377152","https://openalex.org/W2079292520","https://openalex.org/W2095827783","https://openalex.org/W2109165822","https://openalex.org/W2113149564","https://openalex.org/W2122035381","https://openalex.org/W2122769815","https://openalex.org/W2122845481","https://openalex.org/W2123000094","https://openalex.org/W2130266302","https://openalex.org/W2145564885","https://openalex.org/W2145941017","https://openalex.org/W2148030279","https://openalex.org/W2161806706","https://openalex.org/W2163920914","https://openalex.org/W2166676291","https://openalex.org/W2321640152","https://openalex.org/W4254077013"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000377555","https://openalex.org/W2047074806","https://openalex.org/W2166256373","https://openalex.org/W2068774315","https://openalex.org/W2100383216","https://openalex.org/W4297720951","https://openalex.org/W2109441092","https://openalex.org/W2378930326","https://openalex.org/W2115708260","https://openalex.org/W2154871752"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"During":[0],"the":[1,7,19,57,72,98,118,133,145],"past":[2],"6":[3],"to":[4,33,81],"7":[5],"years,":[6],"problem":[8],"of":[9,25,31,50,117,125,132],"antimicrobial":[10,83],"resistance":[11,32],"in":[12,18,56,66,71,103,144],"Streptococcus":[13],"pneumoniae":[14,54],"has":[15],"grown":[16],"dramatically":[17],"United":[20,58,73,146],"States.":[21,59],"Currently,":[22],"approximately":[23,35],"26.5%":[24],"pneumococcal":[26],"isolates":[27,49,64,101,135],"express":[28],"intermediate":[29],"levels":[30],"penicillin;":[34],"17.5%":[36],"are":[37,151],"highly":[38],"penicillin":[39],"resistant.":[40],"We":[41],"studied":[42],"whether":[43],"clonal":[44,156],"relationships":[45],"exist":[46],"among":[47,97],"current":[48],"high-level":[51],"penicillin-resistant":[52],"S.":[53],"(PRSP)":[55],"One":[60,113],"hundred":[61,114],"forty-seven":[62],"PRSP":[63,100,149],"recovered":[65],"a":[67],"30-center":[68],"surveillance":[69],"study":[70],"States":[74],"during":[75],"1994-1995":[76],"were":[77,95,121,136],"characterized":[78,122,137],"with":[79],"respect":[80],"serotype,":[82],"susceptibility":[84],"pattern,":[85],"and":[86,111],"pulsed-field":[87],"gel":[88],"electrophoresis":[89],"(PFGE)":[90],"profile.":[91],"Only":[92],"six":[93],"serotypes":[94],"observed":[96],"147":[99,119,134],"examined":[102],"this":[104],"study:":[105],"6A,":[106],"6B,":[107],"9A,":[108],"14,":[109],"19F,":[110],"23F.":[112],"three":[115],"(70.1%)":[116],"strains":[120,150],"by":[123,138,153],"one":[124],"only":[126,139],"nine":[127],"PFGE":[128,141],"types;":[129],"76":[130],"(51.7%)":[131],"four":[140],"profiles.":[142],"Currently":[143],"States,":[147],"most":[148],"represented":[152],"relatively":[154],"few":[155],"groups.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}