{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2008511368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029273","title":"Why Levallois? A Morphometric Comparison of Experimental \u2018Preferential\u2019 Levallois Flakes versus Debitage Flakes","display_name":"Why Levallois? A Morphometric Comparison of Experimental \u2018Preferential\u2019 Levallois Flakes versus Debitage Flakes","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2008511368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029273","mag":"2008511368","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22291888"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029273","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029273","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0029273&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0029273&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043172674","display_name":"Metin I. Eren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3576-6076","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3576-6076"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Metin I. Eren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anthropology, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anthropology, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009259750","display_name":"Stephen J. Lycett","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephen J. Lycett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anthropology, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anthropology, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009259750"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"],"apc_list":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"apc_paid":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"fwci":78.7387,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":164,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.998943,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"e29273","last_page":"e29273"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10421","display_name":"Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10421","display_name":"Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13831","display_name":"Archaeological and Geological Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flake-thickness","display_name":"flake thickness","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neanderthals","display_name":"Neanderthals","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-modern-humans","display_name":"early modern humans","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-ability","display_name":"cognitive ability","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/working-memory","display_name":"working memory","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hominin-cognition","display_name":"hominin cognition","score":0.6790000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778162197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5457079","display_name":"Flake","level":2,"score":0.9572076797485352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780745445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3042374","display_name":"Debitage","level":2,"score":0.6752068400382996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197698901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7206","display_name":"Paleoanthropology","level":2,"score":0.5271822214126587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.48879286646842957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020531103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32768","display_name":"Anglo saxon","level":2,"score":0.41877979040145874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4082719087600708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.3096039891242981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.28451061248779297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.17403075098991394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.09319829940795898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C505870484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180538","display_name":"Fishery","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001106","descriptor_name":"Archaeology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001106","descriptor_name":"Archaeology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001106","descriptor_name":"Archaeology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001106","descriptor_name":"Archaeology","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001106","descriptor_name":"Archaeology","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001106","descriptor_name":"Archaeology","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001837","descriptor_name":"Body Weights and Measures","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001837","descriptor_name":"Body Weights and Measures","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001837","descriptor_name":"Body Weights and Measures","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001837","descriptor_name":"Body Weights and Measures","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001837","descriptor_name":"Body Weights and Measures","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001837","descriptor_name":"Body Weights and Measures","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001837","descriptor_name":"Body Weights and Measures","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001837","descriptor_name":"Body Weights and Measures","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001837","descriptor_name":"Body Weights and Measures","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003297","descriptor_name":"Cooking and Eating Utensils","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003297","descriptor_name":"Cooking and Eating Utensils","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003297","descriptor_name":"Cooking and Eating Utensils","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003297","descriptor_name":"Cooking and Eating Utensils","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003297","descriptor_name":"Cooking and Eating Utensils","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003297","descriptor_name":"Cooking and Eating Utensils","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013048","descriptor_name":"Specimen Handling","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013048","descriptor_name":"Specimen Handling","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013048","descriptor_name":"Specimen Handling","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013048","descriptor_name":"Specimen Handling","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013048","descriptor_name":"Specimen Handling","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013048","descriptor_name":"Specimen Handling","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015186","descriptor_name":"Hominidae","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015186","descriptor_name":"Hominidae","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015186","descriptor_name":"Hominidae","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015186","descriptor_name":"Hominidae","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015186","descriptor_name":"Hominidae","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015186","descriptor_name":"Hominidae","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049690","descriptor_name":"History, Ancient","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049690","descriptor_name":"History, Ancient","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049690","descriptor_name":"History, Ancient","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053001","descriptor_name":"Tool Use Behavior","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053001","descriptor_name":"Tool Use Behavior","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053001","descriptor_name":"Tool Use Behavior","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054041","descriptor_name":"Weapons","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054041","descriptor_name":"Weapons","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054041","descriptor_name":"Weapons","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054041","descriptor_name":"Weapons","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054041","descriptor_name":"Weapons","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054041","descriptor_name":"Weapons","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054928","descriptor_name":"Validation Studies as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054928","descriptor_name":"Validation Studies as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054928","descriptor_name":"Validation Studies as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059125","descriptor_name":"Neanderthals","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059125","descriptor_name":"Neanderthals","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059125","descriptor_name":"Neanderthals","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059125","descriptor_name":"Neanderthals","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059125","descriptor_name":"Neanderthals","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059125","descriptor_name":"Neanderthals","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029273","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029273","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0029273&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22291888","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22291888","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PloS one","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2272550","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3264556","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3264556","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3264556","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS One","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.271.9623","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.271.9623","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/81/bb/PLoS_One_2012_Jan_23_7(1)_e29273.tar.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:798bc6947d7547149621af9c4a726a49","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/798bc6947d7547149621af9c4a726a49","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 1, p e29273 (2012)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/129400","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/Why_Levallois_A_Morphometric_Comparison_of_Experimental_Preferential_Levallois_Flakes_versus_Debitage_Flakes/129400","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Dataset"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kar.kent.ac.uk:30453","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://kar.kent.ac.uk/30453/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196264","display_name":"Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","host_organization_name":"University of Kent","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029273","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029273","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0029273&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319993","display_name":"Leverhulme Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/012mzw131"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2008511368.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2008511368.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W77774651","https://openalex.org/W175518788","https://openalex.org/W629804219","https://openalex.org/W1481550346","https://openalex.org/W1499170180","https://openalex.org/W1509264050","https://openalex.org/W1535738134","https://openalex.org/W1968419643","https://openalex.org/W1971637511","https://openalex.org/W1975141628","https://openalex.org/W1978786188","https://openalex.org/W2001605358","https://openalex.org/W2004510715","https://openalex.org/W2007457598","https://openalex.org/W2008118729","https://openalex.org/W2024156901","https://openalex.org/W2030484124","https://openalex.org/W2032313573","https://openalex.org/W2034349189","https://openalex.org/W2038298471","https://openalex.org/W2047247169","https://openalex.org/W2048371970","https://openalex.org/W2051129646","https://openalex.org/W2053459173","https://openalex.org/W2056170863","https://openalex.org/W2059111103","https://openalex.org/W2068916084","https://openalex.org/W2071034262","https://openalex.org/W2072831417","https://openalex.org/W2077107370","https://openalex.org/W2084726929","https://openalex.org/W2088677062","https://openalex.org/W2091879643","https://openalex.org/W2094429443","https://openalex.org/W2095165825","https://openalex.org/W2099046724","https://openalex.org/W2101778559","https://openalex.org/W2105600607","https://openalex.org/W2106642836","https://openalex.org/W2133687321","https://openalex.org/W2135785897","https://openalex.org/W2148136385","https://openalex.org/W2149212390","https://openalex.org/W2167966052","https://openalex.org/W2257531216","https://openalex.org/W2288936114","https://openalex.org/W2322469997","https://openalex.org/W2328907567","https://openalex.org/W2488413295","https://openalex.org/W2623668387","https://openalex.org/W2625292152","https://openalex.org/W2922795511","https://openalex.org/W3015634246","https://openalex.org/W3022022466","https://openalex.org/W4212811286","https://openalex.org/W4231386489","https://openalex.org/W4245497896","https://openalex.org/W4249714823","https://openalex.org/W6692222827","https://openalex.org/W6760725901","https://openalex.org/W6802595089","https://openalex.org/W6809031989","https://openalex.org/W6903682987","https://openalex.org/W7030239333","https://openalex.org/W7045400955"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961480324","https://openalex.org/W2560144765","https://openalex.org/W823731706","https://openalex.org/W2317936737","https://openalex.org/W852635422","https://openalex.org/W1528243643","https://openalex.org/W2557949905","https://openalex.org/W2320006598","https://openalex.org/W1757620484","https://openalex.org/W4386905094"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Middle":[1],"Palaeolithic":[2],"stone":[3],"artefacts":[4],"referred":[5],"to":[6,73,103,140,154,178,200],"as":[7,88,282,291,293],"'Levallois'":[8],"have":[9,296],"caused":[10],"considerable":[11],"debate":[12],"regarding":[13,43,157],"issues":[14],"of":[15,46,68,93,136,182,191,220,237],"technological":[16],"predetermination,":[17],"cognition":[18],"and":[19,30,48,61,160,218,233,285],"linguistic":[20],"capacities":[21],"in":[22,35,50,70,129,166,210],"extinct":[23],"hominins.":[24],"Their":[25],"association":[26],"with":[27,176,270],"both":[28],"Neanderthals":[29,284],"early":[31],"modern":[32,287],"humans":[33,288],"has,":[34],"particular,":[36],"fuelled":[37],"such":[38,167,281],"debate.":[39],"Yet,":[40],"controversy":[41],"exists":[42],"the":[44,66,74,118,143,227,230,283],"extent":[45],"'predetermination'":[47],"'standardization'":[49],"so-called":[51],"'preferential":[52],"Levallois":[53,238,256],"flakes'":[54],"(PLFs).":[55],"METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL":[56],"FINDINGS:":[57],"Using":[58],"an":[59],"experimental":[60],"morphometric":[62],"approach,":[63],"we":[64],"assess":[65,141],"degree":[67],"standardization":[69],"PLFs":[71,80,111,163],"compared":[72],"flakes":[75,119],"produced":[76],"during":[77,121,148],"their":[78,108,122,195],"manufacture.":[79],"possess":[81],"specific":[82,180,247],"properties":[83,96,183],"that":[84,97,170,184,229,255,274],"unite":[85],"them":[86,186],"robustly":[87],"a":[89,168,179,189,241,260],"group":[90],"or":[91],"'category'":[92],"flake.":[94],"The":[95],"do":[98],"so,":[99],"relate":[100],"most":[101,127],"strongly":[102],"relative":[104],"flake":[105,130,158,211],"thicknesses":[106],"across":[107],"surface":[109],"area.":[110],"also":[112],"exhibit":[113],"significantly":[114],"less":[115],"variability":[116],"than":[117],"generated":[120],"production.":[123],"Again,":[124],"this":[125],"is":[126,268],"evident":[128],"thickness":[131],"variables.":[132],"A":[133],"further":[134],"aim":[135],"our":[137,149,224,251],"study":[138],"was":[139,240],"whether":[142],"particular":[144],"PLF":[145],"attributes":[146,196],"identified":[147],"analyses":[150],"can":[151,197],"be":[152,173,198],"related":[153],"current":[155,205],"knowledge":[156],"functionality":[159],"utility.":[161],"CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:":[162],"are":[164,207],"standardized":[165],"manner":[169],"they":[171],"may":[172],"considered":[174],"'predetermined'":[175],"regard":[177],"set":[181],"distinguishes":[185],"statistically":[187],"from":[188],"majority":[190],"other":[192],"flakes.":[193],"Moreover,":[194],"linked":[199],"factors":[201],"that,":[202],"based":[203],"on":[204,259],"knowledge,":[206],"desirable":[208],"features":[209],"tools":[212],"(e.g.":[213],"durability,":[214],"capacity":[215,262],"for":[216,263],"retouch,":[217],"reduction":[219,239],"torque).":[221],"As":[222],"such,":[223],"results":[225,252],"support":[226,253],"hypothesis":[228],"lengthy,":[231],"multi-phase,":[232],"hierarchically":[234],"organized":[235],"process":[236],"deliberate,":[242],"engineered":[243],"strategy":[244],"orientated":[245],"toward":[246],"goals.":[248],"In":[249],"turn,":[250],"suggestions":[254],"knapping":[257],"relied":[258],"cognitive":[261,275],"long-term":[264],"working":[265],"memory.":[266],"This":[267],"consistent":[269],"recent":[271],"evidence":[272],"suggesting":[273],"distinctions":[276],"between":[277],"later":[278],"Pleistocene":[279],"hominins":[280],"anatomically":[286],"were":[289],"not":[290],"sharp":[292],"some":[294],"scholars":[295],"previously":[297],"suggested.":[298]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}