{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2008488735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1507","title":"Using lowess to remove systematic trends over time in predictor variables prior to logistic regression with quantile categories","display_name":"Using lowess to remove systematic trends over time in predictor variables prior to logistic regression with quantile categories","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2008488735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1507","mag":"2008488735","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12704611"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/sim.1507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1507","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1507","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55189604","display_name":"Statistics in Medicine","issn_l":"0277-6715","issn":["0277-6715","1097-0258"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Statistics in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074187988","display_name":"Craig B. Borkowf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6450-6524","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6450-6524"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140884","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210140884"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149717","display_name":"Center for Cancer Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05bjen692","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210140884","https://openalex.org/I4210149717"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Craig B. Borkowf","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Cancer Prevention Studies Branch, 6116 Executive Blvd., Suite 705, MSC 8314, Bethesda, MD 20892-8314, USA. CBorkowf@cdc.gov","National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Cancer Prevention Studies Branch, 6116 Executive Blvd., Suite 705, MSC 8314, Bethesda, MD 20892\u20108314, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Cancer Prevention Studies Branch, 6116 Executive Blvd., Suite 705, MSC 8314, Bethesda, MD 20892-8314, USA. CBorkowf@cdc.gov","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140884","https://openalex.org/I4210149717"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Cancer Prevention Studies Branch, 6116 Executive Blvd., Suite 705, MSC 8314, Bethesda, MD 20892\u20108314, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140884","https://openalex.org/I4210149717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039237147","display_name":"Paul S. Albert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1658-1068","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1658-1068"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140884","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210140884"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul S. Albert","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Biometric Research Branch, Executive Plaza North, Room 8136, 6130 Executive Blvd, MSC 7438, Bethesda, MD 20892-7438, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Biometric Research Branch, Executive Plaza North, Room 8136, 6130 Executive Blvd, MSC 7438, Bethesda, MD 20892-7438, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210140884"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012823292","display_name":"Christian C. Abnet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3008-7843","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3008-7843"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140884","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210140884"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149717","display_name":"Center for Cancer Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05bjen692","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210140884","https://openalex.org/I4210149717"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian C. Abnet","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Cancer Prevention Studies Branch, 6116 Executive Blvd., Suite 705, MSC 8314, Bethesda, MD 20892-8314, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Cancer Prevention Studies Branch, 6116 Executive Blvd., Suite 705, MSC 8314, Bethesda, MD 20892-8314, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140884","https://openalex.org/I4210149717"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074187988"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140884","https://openalex.org/I4210149717"],"apc_list":{"value":5450,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5450},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6112,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8542774,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"9","first_page":"1477","last_page":"1493"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11871","display_name":"Advanced Statistical Methods and Models","score":0.007899999618530273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13141","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Applications","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lowess","display_name":"LOWESS","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drift-correction","display_name":"drift correction","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/case-control-study","display_name":"case-control study","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/esophageal-cancer-risk","display_name":"esophageal cancer risk","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sphinganine","display_name":"sphinganine","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-power","display_name":"statistical power","score":0.9660000205039978}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68443243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2786686","display_name":"Quartile","level":3,"score":0.8452301025390625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.7647960782051086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.7274240255355835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118671147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578714","display_name":"Quantile","level":2,"score":0.5920438766479492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63817138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3455889","display_name":"Quantile regression","level":2,"score":0.5854967832565308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.575400710105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.48537957668304443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.4845556318759918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.4314735531806946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.062245726585388184}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002681","descriptor_name":"China","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004938","descriptor_name":"Esophageal Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005544","descriptor_name":"Forecasting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013110","descriptor_name":"Sphingosine","qualifier_ui":"Q000031","qualifier_name":"analogs & derivatives","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013110","descriptor_name":"Sphingosine","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016017","descriptor_name":"Odds Ratio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016022","descriptor_name":"Case-Control Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018570","descriptor_name":"Risk Assessment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/sim.1507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1507","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1507","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55189604","display_name":"Statistics in Medicine","issn_l":"0277-6715","issn":["0277-6715","1097-0258"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Statistics in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12704611","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12704611","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Statistics in medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.504800021648407,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W31982807","https://openalex.org/W1985437407","https://openalex.org/W2024081693","https://openalex.org/W2090636982","https://openalex.org/W2097848080","https://openalex.org/W2122502416","https://openalex.org/W2161427454","https://openalex.org/W2168747621","https://openalex.org/W2517346518"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099775855","https://openalex.org/W7096871971","https://openalex.org/W4256049924","https://openalex.org/W1993555144","https://openalex.org/W7060992871","https://openalex.org/W303057368","https://openalex.org/W5762356","https://openalex.org/W2183669184","https://openalex.org/W2135707935","https://openalex.org/W1995860843"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,45,166],"case-control":[1,97],"studies":[2],"one":[3],"may":[4],"employ":[5],"logistic":[6,88,192],"regression":[7,56,89,193],"to":[8,58,102,156,171,178,206,228,233],"model":[9],"the":[10,24,28,39,50,66,69,81,86,104,113,120,126,132,142,149,164,173,202,220,230],"relationship":[11],"between":[12],"binary":[13],"responses":[14],"and":[15,60,71,180,211,215,243],"continuous":[16],"predictor":[17,43,188],"variables":[18],"that":[19,99,131,200],"have":[20,73],"been":[21],"categorized":[22],"by":[23,138],"empirical":[25],"quartiles":[26],"of":[27,42,52,106,112,116,125,144,151,163,175,184],"controls.":[29],"Sometimes,":[30],"however,":[31],"systematic":[32,63,140],"trends":[33,64,67,185],"over":[34],"time":[35],"(or":[36],"drifts)":[37],"contaminate":[38],"laboratory":[40,134],"measurements":[41,135],"variables.":[44],"this":[46],"paper":[47],"we":[48,168],"consider":[49],"use":[51,80,174],"locally":[53],"weighted":[54],"robust":[55],"(lowess)":[57],"estimate":[59,179],"remove":[61,181],"these":[62,93],"when":[65],"for":[68],"cases":[70],"controls":[72],"a":[74,96,110,139],"common":[75],"shape.":[76],"One":[77],"can":[78],"then":[79],"lowess":[82,176,226],"adjusted":[83],"data":[84,189,204,231],"in":[85,119],"desired":[87],"model.":[90],"We":[91,198],"illustrate":[92],"methods":[94,177,227],"with":[95,195],"study":[98],"was":[100,129],"designed":[101],"assess":[103],"risk":[105],"oesophageal":[107],"cancer":[108],"as":[109],"function":[111],"quartile":[114,196],"categories":[115],"sphinganine":[117,133],"levels":[118,217],"blood":[121],"serum.":[122],"Upon":[123],"examination":[124],"data,":[127],"it":[128],"discovered":[130],"were":[136],"contaminated":[137,187],"trend,":[141],"magnitude":[143],"which":[145],"depended":[146],"only":[147],"on":[148],"day":[150],"analysis.":[152],"This":[153],"trend":[154],"needed":[155],"be":[157],"removed":[158],"before":[159,190],"performing":[160],"further":[161],"analyses":[162],"data.":[165,222],"addition,":[167],"present":[169],"simulations":[170],"examine":[172],"various":[182],"shapes":[183],"from":[186],"constructing":[191],"models":[194],"categories.":[197],"found":[199],"using":[201,219,224],"trend-contaminated":[203],"tends":[205,232],"give":[207,234],"attenuated":[208],"parameter":[209,237],"estimates":[210],"hence":[212],"lower":[213],"significance":[214,241],"power":[216],"than":[218],"uncontaminated":[221],"Conversely,":[223],"appropriate":[225],"adjust":[229],"nearly":[235],"unbiased":[236],"estimates,":[238],"near":[239],"nominal":[240],"levels,":[242],"improved":[244],"power.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
