{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2008468080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-04-2013-0007","title":"An appraisal of United Nations and other money laundering and financing of terrorism counter\u2010measures","display_name":"An appraisal of United Nations and other money laundering and financing of terrorism counter\u2010measures","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-06-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2008468080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-04-2013-0007","mag":"2008468080"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/jmlc-04-2013-0007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-04-2013-0007","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-04-2013-0007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63393118","display_name":"Journal of Money Laundering Control","issn_l":"1368-5201","issn":["1368-5201","1758-7808"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Money Laundering Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023174171","display_name":"Norman Mugarura","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124357947","display_name":"University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04cw6st05","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Norman Mugarura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Action Research and Development Initiative Limited \u2013 Research, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Action Research and Development Initiative Limited \u2013 Research, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023174171"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5732,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87348434,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"3","first_page":"249","last_page":"265"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.8256999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.8256999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.1005999967455864,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13007","display_name":"Economic Sanctions and International Relations","score":0.052299998700618744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/money-laundering","display_name":"money laundering","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrorist-financing","display_name":"terrorist financing","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/un-security-council-resolutions","display_name":"UN Security Council resolutions","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-law-instruments","display_name":"soft law instruments","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-law-implementation","display_name":"implementation of international law","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-sovereignty","display_name":"state sovereignty","score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/banking-compliance","display_name":"bank compliance","score":0.37700000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-nations-sanctions","display_name":"UN sanctions","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iran-sanctions","display_name":"sanctions against Iran","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-cooperation","display_name":"international cooperation","score":0.4699999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780005421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151900","display_name":"Money laundering","level":2,"score":0.9002972841262817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778069335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32098","display_name":"Sanctions","level":2,"score":0.6984680891036987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778447849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2648051","display_name":"Obligation","level":2,"score":0.6681962013244629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779558720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965792","display_name":"Soft law","level":3,"score":0.6344919800758362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.5837815999984741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778757428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1250464","display_name":"Realm","level":2,"score":0.5019874572753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4652377665042877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.447521835565567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.41197696328163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3766663670539856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.35361695289611816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55447825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"International law","level":2,"score":0.3520386219024658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.34450095891952515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3113328218460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/jmlc-04-2013-0007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-04-2013-0007","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-04-2013-0007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63393118","display_name":"Journal of Money Laundering Control","issn_l":"1368-5201","issn":["1368-5201","1758-7808"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Money Laundering Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eme:jmlc00:jmlc-04-2013-0007","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JMLC-04-2013-0007.html?utm_source=repec&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=repec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eme:jmlcpp:jmlc-04-2013-0007","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JMLC-04-2013-0007/full/html?utm_source=repec&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=repec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"score":0.5217000246047974,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977316576","https://openalex.org/W2071735371","https://openalex.org/W2125532192","https://openalex.org/W2574415660","https://openalex.org/W3124632997","https://openalex.org/W6600380258","https://openalex.org/W6632209055","https://openalex.org/W6824573783"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206615624","https://openalex.org/W4393954607","https://openalex.org/W1544838536","https://openalex.org/W592372611","https://openalex.org/W2564257398","https://openalex.org/W1508254610","https://openalex.org/W3127001482","https://openalex.org/W1625526083","https://openalex.org/W4372049449","https://openalex.org/W2961887900"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"The":[1,71,173,362],"purpose":[2],"of":[3,31,56,78,91,138,175,200,217,241,264,320,327,340,377,393],"the":[4,9,14,24,35,50,53,61,76,89,128,136,163,176,191,198,215,239,262,318,338,371,388],"paper":[5,51,72,177,363],"was":[6,73,307,364],"to":[7,23,43,68,105,130,256,275,284,290,302,316,345,356],"examine":[8],"challenges":[10],"inherent":[11],"in":[12,88,127,161,180,197,261,296,337],"harnessing":[13],"UN":[15,36,79,107,149,165,378,394],"and":[16,33,80,114,155,166,236,238,367,379,405],"other":[17,47,81,167,380],"AML":[18,48,82,108,140,168,335,381,395],"counter\u2010measures,":[19,49],"paying":[20],"particular":[21],"attention":[22],"United":[25],"Nations":[26],"Resolutions":[27,38],"on":[28,151,246,323,370,375,399],"countering":[29],"financing":[30],"terrorism":[32],"why":[34,64],"Security":[37],"have":[39,94,123,144,281,313],"not":[40,268,308],"been":[41,95,145,282,314],"easy":[42,67,270],"invoke.":[44],"As":[45],"regards":[46],"examined":[52],"legal":[54],"status":[55],"soft":[57,115],"law":[58,116,129,204,266,342],"instruments,":[59,117],"articulating":[60],"possible":[62],"reasons":[63],"they":[65,93,194],"are":[66,101,187,195,350],"implement.":[69],"Design/methodology/approach":[70],"written":[74],"by":[75,190,251,397],"analysis":[77,319],"counter\u2010measures":[83,109,169,336,382,396],"\u2013":[84],"which":[85],"were":[86,159,178],"evaluated":[87,368],"gaze":[90],"how":[92,247],"implemented":[96,196],"across":[97,170,383],"states.":[98,171],"While":[99,333],"states":[100,243],"under":[102],"an":[103,228],"obligation":[104],"implement":[106],"such":[110,402],"as":[111,120,258,269,271,289,403],"international":[112,201,265,341,347],"treaties":[113],"private":[118],"banks":[119,143,398],"non\u2010state":[121],"actors":[122],"exploited":[124],"some":[125,303,352],"loopholes":[126,353],"flaunt":[131],"them.":[132],"This":[133],"has":[134],"undermined":[135],"efficacy":[137],"global":[139,183],"counter\u2010measures.":[141],"Many":[142],"fined":[146],"for":[147],"violating":[148],"sanctions":[150],"countries":[152,328,401],"like":[153],"Iran":[154,404],"Sudan.":[156,406],"These":[157],"examples":[158],"utilized":[160,387],"appraising":[162],"current":[164],"Findings":[172],"findings":[174],"compelling":[179],"demonstrating":[181],"that":[182,193,354],"anti\u2010money":[184],"laundering":[185,226],"laws":[186],"often":[188,244],"emasculated":[189],"fact":[192],"realm":[199,263,339],"law.":[202],"International":[203],"manifests":[205],"itself":[206],"within":[207],"independent":[208],"member":[209],"states'":[210],"vested":[211],"strategic":[212],"self\u2010interests.":[213],"In":[214],"event":[216],"conflicts,":[218],"national":[219],"self\u2010interests":[220],"will":[221],"prevail.":[222],"But":[223,300],"again,":[224],"money":[225],"is":[227,249,254,267,273,343],"opportunistic":[229],"crime":[230],"because":[231],"it":[232,248,272],"generates":[233],"both":[234],"synergies":[235],"externalities":[237],"response":[240],"individual":[242],"depends":[245],"affected":[250],"it.":[252],"It":[253,279,310,385],"wrong":[255],"assume":[257],"doing":[259],"things":[260],"presumed":[274],"be.":[276],"Research":[277],"limitations/implications":[278],"would":[280,311],"better":[283,315],"carry":[285],"out":[286],"interviews":[287],"so":[288],"corroborate":[291],"secondary":[292],"data":[293,321],"sources":[294],"used":[295],"writing":[297],"this":[298,305],"paper.":[299],"due":[301],"constraints,":[304],"option":[306],"possible.":[309],"also":[312,386],"undertake":[317],"based":[322,369],"a":[324],"large":[325],"sample":[326],"rather":[329],"than":[330],"cherry":[331],"picking.":[332],"implementing":[334],"necessary":[344],"foster":[346],"co\u2010operation,":[348],"there":[349],"still":[351],"need":[355],"be":[357],"paid":[358],"more":[359],"attention.":[360],"Originality/value":[361],"written,":[365],"analysed":[366],"most":[372],"recent":[373,389],"literature":[374],"implementation":[376],"countries.":[384],"cases":[390],"involving":[391],"violations":[392],"sanctioned":[400]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}