{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2008397484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422296112","title":"Mechanisms for low-frequency variability of summer Arctic sea ice extent","display_name":"Mechanisms for low-frequency variability of summer Arctic sea ice extent","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2008397484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422296112","mag":"2008397484","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25825758","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4403206"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.1422296112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422296112","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422296112","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2008397484"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4403206/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014081827","display_name":"Rong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8493-6556","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8493-6556"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308126019","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191217947","display_name":"NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03vmn1898","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I191217947","https://openalex.org/I2802992173"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ 08540"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ 08540","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I191217947"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014081827"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I191217947"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.2787,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":223,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9924744,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"112","issue":"15","first_page":"4570","last_page":"4575"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.8955000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.8955000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.09759999811649323,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12432","display_name":"Arctic and Russian Policy Studies","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arctic-sea-ice-extent","display_name":"Arctic sea ice extent","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-frequency-variability","display_name":"low-frequency variability","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice-loss","display_name":"sea ice decline","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-heat-transport","display_name":"atmospheric heat transport","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-warming-hiatus","display_name":"global warming hiatus","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidecadal-variability","display_name":"multidecadal variability","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-climate-variability","display_name":"natural climate variability","score":0.6430000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143510601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16243069","display_name":"Arctic sea ice decline","level":5,"score":0.8213688135147095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518008717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322","display_name":"Arctic","level":2,"score":0.7868443131446838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161798024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3651008","display_name":"Arctic ice pack","level":3,"score":0.7613357901573181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136894858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213926","display_name":"Sea ice","level":2,"score":0.750575065612793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.6921260356903076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155372631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4787572","display_name":"Arctic geoengineering","level":5,"score":0.679738461971283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6064627170562744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.543603241443634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19807395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878463","display_name":"Arctic dipole anomaly","level":5,"score":0.513095498085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.45449012517929077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197435368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q493109","display_name":"Cryosphere","level":3,"score":0.4434368312358856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142619676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4787571","display_name":"Arctic ecology","level":3,"score":0.42976847290992737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018378255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322","display_name":"The arctic","level":2,"score":0.4205033779144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779298566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163477","display_name":"Groenlandia","level":3,"score":0.4184773564338684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.37145519256591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16335420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18205270","display_name":"Antarctic sea ice","level":4,"score":0.2729596495628357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2506384551525116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.24741429090499878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123750103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12599","display_name":"Ice sheet","level":2,"score":0.21231591701507568}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.1422296112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422296112","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422296112","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:25825758","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25825758","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4403206","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4403206/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4403206","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4403206/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.9786999821662903,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501806605","https://openalex.org/W1536813806","https://openalex.org/W1574899827","https://openalex.org/W1629970633","https://openalex.org/W1867506197","https://openalex.org/W1904617584","https://openalex.org/W1933779600","https://openalex.org/W1960586518","https://openalex.org/W1973058879","https://openalex.org/W1986816409","https://openalex.org/W1988178310","https://openalex.org/W1988677458","https://openalex.org/W1993750261","https://openalex.org/W2003164867","https://openalex.org/W2013485750","https://openalex.org/W2017121670","https://openalex.org/W2037705449","https://openalex.org/W2038015459","https://openalex.org/W2044653660","https://openalex.org/W2045974511","https://openalex.org/W2060392698","https://openalex.org/W2066211400","https://openalex.org/W2066472255","https://openalex.org/W2077361722","https://openalex.org/W2077873990","https://openalex.org/W2099646188","https://openalex.org/W2101239795","https://openalex.org/W2107733948","https://openalex.org/W2108210821","https://openalex.org/W2109380865","https://openalex.org/W2110122198","https://openalex.org/W2113613046","https://openalex.org/W2116030881","https://openalex.org/W2116482000","https://openalex.org/W2121916131","https://openalex.org/W2133134791","https://openalex.org/W2133851854","https://openalex.org/W2133853379","https://openalex.org/W2136562363","https://openalex.org/W2146629342","https://openalex.org/W2150779934","https://openalex.org/W2150866077","https://openalex.org/W2151094192","https://openalex.org/W2155069722","https://openalex.org/W2155682923","https://openalex.org/W2164756240","https://openalex.org/W2173204040","https://openalex.org/W2173251738","https://openalex.org/W2890306644"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2768204598","https://openalex.org/W3201217778","https://openalex.org/W3200872018","https://openalex.org/W2595253452","https://openalex.org/W2904496763","https://openalex.org/W4386976920","https://openalex.org/W2171540768","https://openalex.org/W4364356009","https://openalex.org/W4321489860"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Satellite":[0],"observations":[1],"reveal":[2],"a":[3,17,60,111,127,158,207],"substantial":[4],"decline":[5,45,105,211],"in":[6,20,32,38,169,196,209,228,242],"September":[7,213],"Arctic":[8,24,69,86,102,144,153,181,192,214,235],"sea":[9,70,87,103,154,182,215],"ice":[10,71,88,104,155,183],"extent":[11,89],"since":[12],"1979,":[13],"which":[14],"has":[15,28],"played":[16],"leading":[18],"role":[19],"the":[21,36,42,48,99,118,122,131,141,147,178,186,191,197,210,229,234,243,248],"observed":[22,100,179],"recent":[23,49],"surface":[25],"warming":[26,51],"and":[27,65,73,95,143],"often":[29,57],"been":[30],"attributed,":[31],"large":[33],"part,":[34],"to":[35,98,121,125,129,146,177,194,201],"increase":[37],"greenhouse":[39],"gases.":[40],"However,":[41],"most":[43],"rapid":[44],"occurred":[46],"during":[47],"global":[50],"hiatus":[52,208],"period.":[53],"Previous":[54],"studies":[55],"are":[56,75,106,237],"focused":[58],"on":[59,77],"single":[61],"mechanism":[62],"for":[63,84,117],"changes":[64,168],"variations":[66,227,241],"of":[67,133,151,212],"summer":[68,85,101,180],"extent,":[72,156],"many":[74],"based":[76],"short":[78],"observational":[79],"records.":[80],"The":[81,164,217],"key":[82,135,171],"players":[83],"variability":[90,150],"at":[91,223],"multidecadal/centennial":[92,224],"time":[93,225],"scales":[94],"their":[96],"contributions":[97,132],"not":[107],"well":[108],"understood.":[109],"Here":[110],"multiple":[112],"regression":[113],"model":[114,162],"is":[115],"developed":[116],"first":[119],"time,":[120],"author's":[123],"knowledge,":[124],"provide":[126],"framework":[128],"quantify":[130],"three":[134],"predictors":[136,172],"(Atlantic/Pacific":[137],"heat":[138,188,231,245],"transport":[139,189,232,246],"into":[140,190,247],"Arctic,":[142],"Dipole)":[145],"internal":[148,202],"low-frequency":[149],"Summer":[152],"using":[157],"3,600-y-long":[159],"control":[160],"climate":[161],"simulation.":[163],"results":[165,219],"suggest":[166,221],"that":[167,222],"these":[170],"could":[173],"have":[174],"contributed":[175],"substantially":[176],"decline.":[184],"If":[185],"ocean":[187],"were":[193],"weaken":[195],"near":[198],"future":[199],"due":[200],"variability,":[203],"there":[204],"might":[205],"be":[206],"ice.":[216],"modeling":[218],"also":[220],"scales,":[226],"atmosphere":[230],"across":[233],"Circle":[236],"forced":[238],"by":[239],"anticorrelated":[240],"Atlantic":[244],"Arctic.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}