{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2008339194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(95)00199-9","title":"Classifying soil structure using neural networks","display_name":"Classifying soil structure using neural networks","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2008339194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(95)00199-9","mag":"2008339194"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0304-3800(95)00199-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(95)00199-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(95)00199-9","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304380095001999/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88315673","display_name":"Ecological Modelling","issn_l":"0304-3800","issn":["0304-3800","1872-7026"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Modelling","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304380095001999/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112267194","display_name":"E. Levine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2074-5267","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2074-5267"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306266525","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"E.R. Levine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biospheric Sciences Branch, Code 923, Laboratory for Terrestrial Physics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biospheric Sciences Branch, Code 923, Laboratory for Terrestrial Physics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108496531","display_name":"DANIEL S. KIMES","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306266525","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D.S. Kimes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biospheric Sciences Branch, Code 923, Laboratory for Terrestrial Physics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biospheric Sciences Branch, Code 923, Laboratory for Terrestrial Physics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046705270","display_name":"Vincent G. Sigillito","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802946424","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/029pp9z10","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I2802946424"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V.G. Sigillito","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I2802946424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112267194"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525"],"apc_list":{"value":2810,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2810},"apc_paid":{"value":2810,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2810},"fwci":2.4806,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":100,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87469796,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"92","issue":"1","first_page":"101","last_page":"108"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.73580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.73580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.12720000743865967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12792","display_name":"Soil Management and Crop Yield","score":0.04450000077486038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-network","display_name":"artificial neural networks","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedforward-neural-networks","display_name":"feedforward neural networks","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpropagation","display_name":"backpropagation","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-texture","display_name":"soil texture","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-organic-carbon","display_name":"soil organic carbon","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-characterization","display_name":"soil characterization","score":0.5989999771118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161222754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270699","display_name":"Silt","level":2,"score":0.6868512630462646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6703982353210449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.5956329107284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.5732631683349609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120991184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889539","display_name":"Soil structure","level":3,"score":0.5587577819824219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174200844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905795","display_name":"Unified Soil Classification System","level":4,"score":0.5146873593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.5129170417785645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152494472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386963","display_name":"Soil classification","level":3,"score":0.4599250257015228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175963888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5026010","display_name":"Soil texture","level":3,"score":0.42053544521331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4179350733757019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4098547697067261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3214169442653656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2768801152706146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.22123926877975464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0304-3800(95)00199-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(95)00199-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(95)00199-9","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304380095001999/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88315673","display_name":"Ecological Modelling","issn_l":"0304-3800","issn":["0304-3800","1872-7026"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Modelling","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0304-3800(95)00199-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(95)00199-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(95)00199-9","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304380095001999/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88315673","display_name":"Ecological Modelling","issn_l":"0304-3800","issn":["0304-3800","1872-7026"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Modelling","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land","score":0.4390000104904175}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2008339194.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2008339194.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62079920","https://openalex.org/W65205223","https://openalex.org/W1489920315","https://openalex.org/W1491663334","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1572401739","https://openalex.org/W1615231525","https://openalex.org/W1966499523","https://openalex.org/W1970447461","https://openalex.org/W1986765017","https://openalex.org/W1991547393","https://openalex.org/W2021750437","https://openalex.org/W2025830015","https://openalex.org/W2035194036","https://openalex.org/W2050833756","https://openalex.org/W2072784660","https://openalex.org/W2088844499","https://openalex.org/W2095177008","https://openalex.org/W2113795904","https://openalex.org/W2139405554","https://openalex.org/W2221471740","https://openalex.org/W2482855891","https://openalex.org/W3000638139","https://openalex.org/W4294957288","https://openalex.org/W6629482631"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2099626018","https://openalex.org/W1999730724","https://openalex.org/W3142632663","https://openalex.org/W296763897","https://openalex.org/W2477334301","https://openalex.org/W2979886253","https://openalex.org/W2796532835","https://openalex.org/W4239759045","https://openalex.org/W2027160099","https://openalex.org/W3166688343"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Various":[0],"feed":[1],"forward":[2],"artificial":[3,171],"neural":[4,172],"networks":[5,93,173],"(ANNs)":[6],"with":[7,60,71,94],"back":[8],"propagation":[9],"were":[10,79],"tested":[11],"to":[12,54,123,174,188,198],"classify":[13,124,190],"3":[14,61,68],"types":[15,127],"of":[16,40,76,103,110,133,145,170],"soil":[17,25,56,112,115,125,134,140,153,163,182,191,195],"structure":[18,57,113,126,135,148],"(granular,":[19],"blocky,":[20],"and":[21,67,84,88,118,176,193],"massive)":[22],"from":[23,114,136],"390":[24],"samples.":[26],"The":[27,50],"samples":[28],"represented":[29],"soils":[30],"falling":[31],"within":[32],"the":[33,41,74,146,162,168],"Ustoll":[34],"taxonomic":[35],"suborder":[36],"that":[37,184],"are":[38,108],"part":[39],"National":[42],"Cooperative":[43],"Soil":[44],"Survey":[45],"(USDA,":[46],"NRCS)":[47],"data":[48,197],"base.":[49],"best":[51],"network":[52],"found":[53],"predict":[55],"was":[58],"one":[59],"input":[62],"nodes,":[63,66],"2":[64],"hidden":[65,96],"output":[69],"nodes":[70,97],"accuracies":[72,102],"on":[73],"order":[75],"79%.":[77],"Inputs":[78],"percent":[80],"organic":[81],"carbon,":[82],"silt,":[83],"clay.":[85],"Simple":[86],"perceptrons":[87],"simple":[89],"linear":[90,130],"perceptrons,":[91],"e.g.":[92],"no":[95],"(3":[98],"\u00e5":[99],"3),":[100],"had":[101],"only":[104],"46%.":[105],"Thus,":[106],"ANNs":[107],"capable":[109],"learning":[111],"characterization":[116,196],"data,":[117],"show":[119],"a":[120,157],"greater":[121],"ability":[122],"than":[128],"simpler,":[129],"methods.":[131],"Classification":[132],"commonly":[137],"measured":[138],"quantitative":[139,181],"parameters":[141,183],"is":[142],"important":[143],"because":[144],"role":[147],"plays":[149],"in":[150],"determining":[151],"other":[152],"properties,":[154],"making":[155],"it":[156],"critical":[158],"component":[159],"for":[160,203],"modeling":[161,204],"system.":[164],"This":[165],"study":[166],"shows":[167],"potential":[169],"recognize":[175],"learn":[177],"complex":[178],"relationships":[179],"between":[180],"can":[185],"be":[186,199],"used":[187,202],"correctly":[189],"structure,":[192],"allow":[194],"more":[200],"effectively":[201],"activities.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}