{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2008244444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1510234","title":"Intelligence Testing and the Field of Learning Disabilities: A Historical and Critical Perspective","display_name":"Intelligence Testing and the Field of Learning Disabilities: A Historical and Critical Perspective","publication_year":1984,"publication_date":"1984-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2008244444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1510234","mag":"2008244444"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/1510234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1510234","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1510234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158069182","display_name":"Learning Disability Quarterly","issn_l":"0731-9487","issn":["0731-9487","2168-376X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Learning Disability Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033955356","display_name":"Robert L. Osgood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7003-4844","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7003-4844"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136722135","display_name":"Claremont Graduate University","ror":"https://ror.org/0157pnt69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136722135"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert L. Osgood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Claremont Graduate School"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Claremont Graduate School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136722135"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033955356"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136722135"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21858864,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"4","first_page":"343","last_page":"348"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.7631999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.7631999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13447","display_name":"Educational and Psychological Assessments","score":0.09560000151395798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.08290000259876251,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligence-testing","display_name":"intelligence testing","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-disabilities","display_name":"learning disabilities","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iq-achievement-discrepancy","display_name":"IQ-achievement discrepancy","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardized-achievement-tests","display_name":"standardized achievement tests","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/special-education-identification","display_name":"special education identification","score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-reliability-and-validity","display_name":"test validity and reliability","score":0.5249999761581421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15107229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860740","display_name":"Learning disability","level":2,"score":0.7652555108070374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.691786527633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166047926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170277","display_name":"Intelligence quotient","level":3,"score":0.683340847492218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203151758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3244907","display_name":"Standardized test","level":2,"score":0.652647078037262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6155751943588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C551499885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183560","display_name":"Intellectual disability","level":2,"score":0.5197758078575134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28858896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212105","display_name":"Special education","level":2,"score":0.49641257524490356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.47510918974876404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81369262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6165531","display_name":"Achievement test","level":3,"score":0.47346821427345276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994439179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353284","display_name":"Intellectual ability","level":3,"score":0.4662054777145386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.45769602060317993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.45619329810142517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167925730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11861940","display_name":"Borderline intellectual functioning","level":3,"score":0.4314658045768738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.40177467465400696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.2780359983444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.2174605131149292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19303745031356812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.11153960227966309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.10114935040473938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/1510234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1510234","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1510234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158069182","display_name":"Learning Disability Quarterly","issn_l":"0731-9487","issn":["0731-9487","2168-376X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Learning Disability Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6164000034332275}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8700000047683716}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W84071930","https://openalex.org/W304077278","https://openalex.org/W402372472","https://openalex.org/W602230040","https://openalex.org/W1733589225","https://openalex.org/W2026232435","https://openalex.org/W2057600201","https://openalex.org/W2081646356","https://openalex.org/W2082611271","https://openalex.org/W2092331267","https://openalex.org/W2153970289","https://openalex.org/W2163437865","https://openalex.org/W2317003366","https://openalex.org/W2799132528","https://openalex.org/W4298136740"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W13889734","https://openalex.org/W2102383902","https://openalex.org/W2371915293","https://openalex.org/W7099246600","https://openalex.org/W5362772","https://openalex.org/W2133836935","https://openalex.org/W4384938028","https://openalex.org/W1986275477","https://openalex.org/W3207125898","https://openalex.org/W2071372846"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,6,9,23,30,63,68,111,117,134,143,156,181,188,196,224,258,273,308],"the":[2,7,13,18,66,141,152,165,186,206,232,278,294,309],"most":[3],"significant":[4],"characteristics":[5],"development":[8],"American":[10,54],"education":[11],"during":[12],"past":[14],"seven":[15],"decades":[16],"is":[17,94,205,252],"remarkable":[19],"growth":[20],"in":[21,53,60,109,122],"utilization":[22],"intelligence":[24,43,73,138,170,241,259,266,280],"tests.":[25],"As":[26],"a":[101],"fundamental":[28],"component":[29],"efforts":[31],"to":[32,78,86,297],"make":[33],"educational":[34,39],"research":[35],"more":[36,41],"scientific":[37],"and":[38,49,89,106,193,286,300],"practice":[40],"efficient,":[42],"testing":[44,242,260,281],"has":[45,243,282],"gained":[46],"an":[47],"important":[48],"apparently":[50],"secure":[51],"position":[52],"education.":[55],"Intelligence":[56],"tests":[57,267],"are":[58,75],"used":[59,76],"variety":[62],"ways.":[64],"In":[65,239],"field":[67],"learning":[69,82,96,123,177],"disabilities,":[70],"for":[71,81,130,235],"example,":[72],"scores":[74,139,171,230],"extensively":[77],"identify":[79],"children":[80],"disability":[83],"services.":[84],"According":[85],"recent":[87],"state":[88],"federal":[90],"regulations,":[91],"child":[93,175],"considered":[95],"disabled":[97],"if":[98],"he/she":[99],"demonstrates":[100],"severe":[102,183],"discrepancy":[103,184],"between":[104],"achievement":[105,191],"intellectual":[107,113,144,197],"ability":[145,296],"any":[110],"several":[112,128],"areas":[114],"(Sec.":[115],"121a.541":[116],"Amended":[118],"PL":[119],"94-142).":[120],"Professionals":[121],"disabilities":[124],"(LD)":[125],"have":[126,227,268,290],"developed":[127],"formulas":[129],"determining":[131,236],"such":[132],"discrepancies--all":[133],"them":[135],"relying":[136],"on":[137,168],"as":[140,176,231],"indicator":[142],"(O'Donnell,":[146],"1980).":[147],"Recent":[148],"information":[149],"provided":[150],"by":[151,213],"California":[153],"State":[154],"Department":[155],"Education":[157],"(CSDE)":[158],"(1983a)":[159],"concerning":[160],"LD":[161,237],"eligibility":[162],"also":[163],"illustrates":[164],"importance":[166],"placed":[167],"standardized":[169,190],"when":[172],"identifying":[173],"disabled:":[178],"The":[179,199],"determination":[180],"necessitates":[185],"use":[187],"test":[192,195],"ability.":[198],"required":[200],"1.5":[201],"standard":[202],"deviation":[203],"criteria":[204],"critical":[233],"threshold":[234],"that":[209,247,265],"must":[210],"be":[211],"corroborated":[212],"other":[214,225],"assessment":[215],"data.":[216],"(CSDE":[217],"No.":[218],"1,":[219],"p.":[220],"1)":[221],"A":[222],"number":[223],"states":[226],"adopted":[228],"IQ":[229],"eligibility.":[238],"fact,":[240],"become":[244],"so":[245],"common":[246],"its":[248],"utility":[249],"or":[250,275],"efficacy":[251],"rarely":[253],"questioned.":[254],"Such":[255],"wide":[256],"acceptance":[257],"should":[261],"not":[262],"imply,":[263],"however,":[264],"achieved":[269],"satisfactory":[271],"level":[272],"design":[274],"implementation.":[276],"From":[277],"beginning,":[279],"encountered":[283],"serious":[284],"theoretical":[285],"practical":[287],"problems":[288],"which":[289],"cast":[291],"doubt":[292],"over":[293],"tests'":[295],"yield":[298],"proper":[299],"accurate":[301],"information.":[302],"This":[303],"article":[304],"contains":[305],"review":[307]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
