{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2008238339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076419","title":"Partial reinforcement effects in classical aversive conditioning in rabbits and human beings.","display_name":"Partial reinforcement effects in classical aversive conditioning in rabbits and human beings.","publication_year":1975,"publication_date":"1975-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2008238339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076419","mag":"2008238339","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1150940"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/h0076419","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076419","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076419","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121340927","display_name":"Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology","issn_l":"0021-9940","issn":["0021-9940"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042524966","display_name":"Dale W. Leonard","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dale W. Leonard","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042524966"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5585,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59444641,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"88","issue":"2","first_page":"596","last_page":"608"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10448","display_name":"Memory and Neural Mechanisms","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10448","display_name":"Memory and Neural Mechanisms","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partial-reinforcement-extinction-effect","display_name":"partial reinforcement extinction effect","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nictitating-membrane-response","display_name":"nictitating membrane response","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eyeblink-conditioning","display_name":"eyeblink conditioning","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extinction","display_name":"extinction","score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrimination-learning","display_name":"discrimination learning","score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rabbits","display_name":"rabbits","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-participants","display_name":"research participants","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interstimulus-interval","display_name":"interstimulus interval","score":0.6700000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.8734443187713623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101991246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422078","display_name":"Extinction (optical mineralogy)","level":2,"score":0.7643098831176758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39617858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212737","display_name":"Classical conditioning","level":3,"score":0.6985471844673157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45262634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159291","display_name":"Conditioning","level":2,"score":0.6888254284858704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6590332388877869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138370407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16944465","display_name":"Interstimulus interval","level":3,"score":0.6174560785293579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910002191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62981497","display_name":"Aversive Stimulus","level":2,"score":0.5280253291130066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020794659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212737","display_name":"Unconditioned stimulus","level":4,"score":0.5126954317092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.506454348564148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5063763856887817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991736302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212737","display_name":"Conditioned response","level":4,"score":0.4842202663421631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186728687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48306","display_name":"Nictitating membrane","level":4,"score":0.46521759033203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.41091832518577576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.3465026617050171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2948485016822815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.16382068395614624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12260758876800537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09177330136299133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.07163256406784058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24998067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622","display_name":"Stimulation","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000161","descriptor_name":"Acoustic Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001362","descriptor_name":"Avoidance Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003214","descriptor_name":"Conditioning, Classical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003215","descriptor_name":"Conditioning, Eyelid","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004193","descriptor_name":"Discrimination Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004597","descriptor_name":"Electroshock","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005108","descriptor_name":"Extinction, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010470","descriptor_name":"Perceptual Masking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011817","descriptor_name":"Rabbits","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012054","descriptor_name":"Reinforcement, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012055","descriptor_name":"Reinforcement Schedule","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/h0076419","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076419","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076419","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121340927","display_name":"Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology","issn_l":"0021-9940","issn":["0021-9940"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:1150940","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1150940","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of comparative and physiological psychology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968437053","https://openalex.org/W1992547268","https://openalex.org/W2007148316","https://openalex.org/W2011671481","https://openalex.org/W2014272381","https://openalex.org/W2030601898","https://openalex.org/W2042014068","https://openalex.org/W2042045719","https://openalex.org/W2046797167","https://openalex.org/W2063837078","https://openalex.org/W2071438356","https://openalex.org/W2072528407","https://openalex.org/W2083538028","https://openalex.org/W2088745728","https://openalex.org/W2127526493","https://openalex.org/W2315553131","https://openalex.org/W2321330648"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W303352780","https://openalex.org/W2965776575","https://openalex.org/W2042014068","https://openalex.org/W2710403266","https://openalex.org/W2044441885","https://openalex.org/W2991315697","https://openalex.org/W4388423592","https://openalex.org/W4390672994","https://openalex.org/W4225274027","https://openalex.org/W2119756194"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,85],"partial":[1,37,48],"reinforcement":[2,38,49,122],"extinction":[3,70],"effect":[4],"(the":[5],"PREE)":[6],"in":[7,13,91,113],"classical":[8,107],"aversive":[9],"conditioning":[10,96,120],"was":[11,75],"investigated":[12],"2":[14],"experiments.":[15],"In":[16],"the":[17,19,40,51,106],"first,":[18],"nictitating":[20],"membrane":[21],"responses":[22],"of":[23,105,121],"120":[24],"rabbits":[25],"were":[26,62],"conditioned":[27],"at":[28],"a":[29,92,125],"250-msec.":[30],"interstimulus":[31],"interval":[32],"(ISI)":[33],"under":[34,65],"continuous":[35],"reinforcement,":[36],"with":[39,50],"unconditioned":[41],"stimulus":[42],"(US)":[43],"omitted":[44],"(Group":[45,57],"PO),":[46],"or":[47,68],"US":[52],"delayed":[53],"to":[54],"1,500":[55],"msec.":[56],"PD).":[58],"These":[59],"3":[60],"groups":[61],"factorially":[63],"extinguished":[64],"US-Omitted,":[66],"US-Unpaired,":[67],"US-Delayed":[69],"regimens.":[71],"A":[72,101],"significant":[73,126],"PREE":[74,108],"obtained,":[76],"but":[77,111],"only":[78],"for":[79],"PO":[80],"training":[81],"and":[82],"US-Omitted":[83],"extinction.":[84],"second":[86],"experiment,":[87],"employing":[88],"human":[89],"subjects":[90],"masked":[93],"eye":[94],"blink":[95],"task,":[97],"produced":[98],"parallel":[99],"results.":[100],"general":[102],"discrimination":[103],"view":[104],"seems":[109],"applicable,":[110],"one":[112],"which":[114],"neither":[115],"cognitive":[116],"factors":[117],"nor":[118],"intertrial":[119],"aftereffects":[123],"play":[124],"role.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
