{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2008162283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.28.1.32","title":"Standard delay eyeblink classical conditioning is independent of awareness.","display_name":"Standard delay eyeblink classical conditioning is independent of awareness.","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2008162283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.28.1.32","mag":"2008162283","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11868232"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/0097-7403.28.1.32","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.28.1.32","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.28.1.32","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216256","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes","issn_l":"0097-7403","issn":["0097-7403","1939-2184"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086758433","display_name":"Joseph R. Manns","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1328-2145","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1328-2145"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph R. Manns","raw_affiliation_strings":["U California, Dept of Psychology, San Diego, CA, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U California, Dept of Psychology, San Diego, CA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046613718","display_name":"Robert E. Clark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0235-856X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0235-856X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert E. Clark","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076451687","display_name":"Larry R. Squire","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6494-222X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6494-222X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Larry R. Squire","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9638,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90504711,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"1","first_page":"32","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10448","display_name":"Memory and Neural Mechanisms","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10448","display_name":"Memory and Neural Mechanisms","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eyeblink-classical-conditioning","display_name":"eyeblink classical conditioning","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delay-conditioning","display_name":"delay conditioning","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trace-conditioning","display_name":"trace conditioning","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/awareness","display_name":"awareness","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forebrain","display_name":"forebrain","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditioned-stimuli","display_name":"conditioned stimulus","score":0.4359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-conditioning","display_name":"differential conditioning","score":0.7170000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39617858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212737","display_name":"Classical conditioning","level":3,"score":0.8721710443496704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105021932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804217","display_name":"Measures of conditioned emotional response","level":5,"score":0.7703186869621277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6998759508132935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781081984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422751","display_name":"Eyeblink conditioning","level":4,"score":0.6687953472137451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45262634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159291","display_name":"Conditioning","level":2,"score":0.6641226410865784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020794659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212737","display_name":"Unconditioned stimulus","level":4,"score":0.4084094762802124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.37803542613983154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.3242347836494446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11932492256164551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11225757002830505}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001364","descriptor_name":"Awareness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001767","descriptor_name":"Blinking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003214","descriptor_name":"Conditioning, Classical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/0097-7403.28.1.32","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.28.1.32","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.28.1.32","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216256","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes","issn_l":"0097-7403","issn":["0097-7403","1939-2184"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037//0097-7403.28.1.32","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0097-7403.28.1.32","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0097-7403.28.1.32","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216256","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes","issn_l":"0097-7403","issn":["0097-7403","1939-2184"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11868232","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11868232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes","raw_type":"Comment"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.328.6838","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.328.6838","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://whoville.ucsd.edu/PDFs/356_Manns_etal_JEPAnimBehavProc2002.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3978030260","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"24600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306127","display_name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/05rsv9s98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W179522112","https://openalex.org/W426943356","https://openalex.org/W1592261008","https://openalex.org/W1619992934","https://openalex.org/W1971095731","https://openalex.org/W1971357544","https://openalex.org/W1978964643","https://openalex.org/W1979406040","https://openalex.org/W1990738174","https://openalex.org/W2000632472","https://openalex.org/W2003145149","https://openalex.org/W2004858913","https://openalex.org/W2027808327","https://openalex.org/W2035781068","https://openalex.org/W2037847196","https://openalex.org/W2040328585","https://openalex.org/W2042146866","https://openalex.org/W2045396975","https://openalex.org/W2050704896","https://openalex.org/W2055756499","https://openalex.org/W2056014574","https://openalex.org/W2057545506","https://openalex.org/W2064930833","https://openalex.org/W2064933313","https://openalex.org/W2074595041","https://openalex.org/W2091137901","https://openalex.org/W2101728600","https://openalex.org/W2108900988","https://openalex.org/W2138419760","https://openalex.org/W2145045083","https://openalex.org/W2147719089","https://openalex.org/W2159564255","https://openalex.org/W2229734582","https://openalex.org/W4243929770","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6614854463"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2052694162","https://openalex.org/W7097540046","https://openalex.org/W3119611193","https://openalex.org/W1990738174","https://openalex.org/W2169703310","https://openalex.org/W2064930833","https://openalex.org/W1971361980","https://openalex.org/W204008794","https://openalex.org/W7099646828","https://openalex.org/W2101728600"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"P.":[0,79],"F.":[1,80],"Lovibond":[2,81],"and":[3,82,102,122,128,155,163,168,173],"D.":[4,83],"R.":[5,41,45,49,51,56,84],"Shanks":[6],"(2002)":[7],"suggested":[8],"that":[9,59,108],"all":[10],"forms":[11],"of":[12,18,89,125,130],"classical":[13,30,111,117],"conditioning":[14,112,137,144,159],"depend":[15],"on":[16],"awareness":[17],"the":[19,25,126,151,161],"stimulus":[20,153],"contingencies.":[21],"This":[22,132],"article":[23],"considers":[24],"available":[26,98],"data":[27,33,90,99],"for":[28,139],"eyeblink":[29,110,116],"conditioning,":[31],"including":[32],"from":[34,93,100],"2":[35,86],"studies":[36,94],"(R.":[37],"E.":[38,52],"Clark,":[39,53],"J.":[40,48],"Manns,":[42,50],"&":[43,54],"L.":[44,55],"Squire,":[46,57],"2001;":[47],"2001)":[58],"were":[60],"completed":[61],"too":[62],"recently":[63],"to":[64,75,135,141,156],"have":[65],"been":[66],"considered":[67],"in":[68,73],"their":[69],"review.":[70],"In":[71],"addition,":[72],"response":[74],"questions":[76],"raised":[77],"by":[78],"Shanks,":[85],"new":[87],"analyses":[88],"are":[91,170],"presented":[92],"published":[95],"previously.":[96],"The":[97],"humans":[101],"experimental":[103],"animals":[104],"provide":[105],"strong":[106],"evidence":[107],"delay":[109,143,158],"(but":[113],"not":[114],"trace":[115],"conditioning)":[118],"can":[119],"be":[120],"acquired":[121],"retained":[123],"independently":[124,129],"forebrain":[127],"awareness.":[131],"conclusion":[133],"applies":[134],"standard":[136],"paradigms;":[138],"example,":[140],"single-cue":[142],"when":[145,160],"a":[146,171],"tone":[147,172],"is":[148],"used":[149],"as":[150],"conditioned":[152,165],"(CS)":[154],"differential":[157],"positive":[162],"negative":[164],"stimuli":[166],"(CS+":[167],"CS-)":[169],"white":[174],"noise.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}