{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2008130004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-72-11-2705","title":"In vitro homotypic and heterotypic interference by defective interfering particles of West Nile virus","display_name":"In vitro homotypic and heterotypic interference by defective interfering particles of West Nile virus","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2008130004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-72-11-2705","mag":"2008130004","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1940867"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1099/0022-1317-72-11-2705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-72-11-2705","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-72-11-2705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103035011","display_name":"Journal of General Virology","issn_l":"0022-1317","issn":["0022-1317","1465-2099"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320497","host_organization_name":"Microbiology Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320497"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Microbiology Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of General Virology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016756952","display_name":"Nitish Debnath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4127-4430","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4127-4430"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. C. Debnath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Molecular Microbiology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular Microbiology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008368849","display_name":"R. Tiernery","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Tiernery","raw_affiliation_strings":["Molecular Microbiology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH, U.K","#N#University of Surrey#N#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular Microbiology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N#University of Surrey#N#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072938540","display_name":"Bijon Kumar Sil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2777-8387","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2777-8387"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. K. Sil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Molecular Microbiology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH, U.K","#N#University of Surrey#N#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular Microbiology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N#University of Surrey#N#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055211258","display_name":"Mark R. Wills","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8548-5729","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8548-5729"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. R. Wills","raw_affiliation_strings":["Molecular Microbiology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH, U.K","#N#University of Surrey#N#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular Microbiology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N#University of Surrey#N#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064167258","display_name":"Alan D.T. Barrett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3740-7448","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3740-7448"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. D. T. Barrett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Molecular Microbiology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH, U.K","#N#University of Surrey#N#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular Microbiology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N#University of Surrey#N#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5462,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68787412,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"11","first_page":"2705","last_page":"2711"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10166","display_name":"Mosquito-borne diseases and control","score":0.9639000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10166","display_name":"Mosquito-borne diseases and control","score":0.9639000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10167","display_name":"Influenza Virus Research Studies","score":0.008299999870359898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11668","display_name":"interferon and immune responses","score":0.007300000172108412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/west-nile-virus","display_name":"West Nile virus","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defective-interfering-particles","display_name":"defective interfering particles","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flavivirus","display_name":"flavivirus","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serial-passage","display_name":"serial passage","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-line-dependence","display_name":"cell line dependence","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coinfection","display_name":"co-infection","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virus-transmission","display_name":"virus transmission","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strain-similarity","display_name":"strain similarity","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hemagglutination-inhibition","display_name":"hemagglutination inhibition","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monoclonal-antibodies","display_name":"monoclonal antibodies","score":0.949999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.8785735368728638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.7488688230514526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89138240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3066564","display_name":"Vero cell","level":3,"score":0.7458239793777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.7248594164848328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780568436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165479","display_name":"Flavivirus","level":3,"score":0.6960461139678955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203233990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1511135","display_name":"Multiplicity of infection","level":3,"score":0.6837546825408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909928835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q70684351","display_name":"Viral Interference","level":4,"score":0.5814655423164368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81885089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189082","display_name":"Cell culture","level":2,"score":0.4660799205303192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777510210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331256","display_name":"Flaviviridae","level":4,"score":0.4274359345436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776866189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158856","display_name":"West Nile virus","level":3,"score":0.41740041971206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153911025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7202","display_name":"Molecular biology","level":1,"score":0.3478061854839325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140704245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933202","display_name":"Viral replication","level":3,"score":0.21035906672477722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780727368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1928978","display_name":"Viral disease","level":3,"score":0.13565945625305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.05698254704475403}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002460","descriptor_name":"Cell Line","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003673","descriptor_name":"Defective Viruses","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006367","descriptor_name":"HeLa Cells","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006384","descriptor_name":"Hemagglutination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008828","descriptor_name":"Microbiological Techniques","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009154","descriptor_name":"Mutation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012692","descriptor_name":"Serial Passage","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014709","descriptor_name":"Vero Cells","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014762","descriptor_name":"Viral Interference","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014779","descriptor_name":"Virus Replication","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014902","descriptor_name":"West Nile virus","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014902","descriptor_name":"West Nile virus","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014902","descriptor_name":"West Nile virus","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1099/0022-1317-72-11-2705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-72-11-2705","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-72-11-2705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103035011","display_name":"Journal of General Virology","issn_l":"0022-1317","issn":["0022-1317","1465-2099"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320497","host_organization_name":"Microbiology Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320497"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Microbiology Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of General Virology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:1940867","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1940867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of general virology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.512.631","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.512.631","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://vir.sgmjournals.org/content/72/11/2705.full.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5683000087738037}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W23694807","https://openalex.org/W70607073","https://openalex.org/W644715675","https://openalex.org/W1481395008","https://openalex.org/W1483853902","https://openalex.org/W1538668357","https://openalex.org/W1582833525","https://openalex.org/W1782030007","https://openalex.org/W1970455211","https://openalex.org/W2003155151","https://openalex.org/W2010173773","https://openalex.org/W2032279931","https://openalex.org/W2047579693","https://openalex.org/W2082316817","https://openalex.org/W2096238088","https://openalex.org/W2136590394","https://openalex.org/W2159807451","https://openalex.org/W2289302180","https://openalex.org/W2295240298","https://openalex.org/W2314173690","https://openalex.org/W2325478883","https://openalex.org/W2399112296"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2561737665","https://openalex.org/W2027542884","https://openalex.org/W1538668357","https://openalex.org/W2074453582","https://openalex.org/W2117031304","https://openalex.org/W2091145847","https://openalex.org/W7099136383","https://openalex.org/W2031945230","https://openalex.org/W2020485225","https://openalex.org/W1995604894"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Defective":[0],"interfering":[1],"(DI)":[2],"particles":[3,43,157],"of":[4,63,83,99,113,124,152,158,175,186,192,203,224],"the":[5,56,92,173,187,201],"flavivirus":[6,179],"West":[7],"Nile":[8],"(WN)":[9],"were":[10,36,65,136,141],"generated":[11],"after":[12],"as":[13,15,181],"few":[14],"two":[16],"high":[17],"multiplicity":[18,123],"serial":[19],"passages":[20],"in":[21,44,67,76,104],"Vero":[22],"and":[23,34,78,118,129,165,195,208],"LLC-MK2":[24,68],"cells.":[25,80,106],"Six":[26],"cell":[27,57,93],"lines":[28],"(Vero,":[29],"LLC-MK2,":[30],"L929,":[31],"HeLa,":[32],"BHK-21":[33,77],"SW13)":[35],"used":[37,180],"to":[38,52,86,211,214],"assay":[39],"interference":[40,64,108,154,169,204],"by":[41,155,205],"DI":[42,84,100,116,128,144,156,206],"a":[45,122,222],"yield":[46],"reduction":[47],"assay.":[48],"Interference":[49,126],"was":[50,74,102,109,170,198,209],"found":[51,210],"vary":[53],"depending":[54,90],"on":[55,91,172,200,217],"type":[58],"used.":[59],"The":[60,81],"highest":[61],"levels":[62],"obtained":[66,110],"cells,":[69],"whereas":[70],"no":[71,96],"detectable":[72,97],"effect":[73],"observed":[75,103],"SW13":[79,105],"ability":[82],"virus":[85,101,117,120,145,160,177,194],"be":[87,212],"propagated":[88],"varied":[89],"line":[94],"used;":[95],"propagation":[98],"Optimum":[107],"following":[111],"co-infection":[112],"cells":[114,140],"with":[115,143],"standard":[119,130,149,182],"at":[121],"5.":[125],"between":[127,189],"viruses":[131],"occurred":[132],"only":[133],"when":[134,139],"they":[135],"co-infected":[137],"or":[138,178],"infected":[142],"1":[146],"h":[147],"before":[148],"virus.":[150,183],"Investigation":[151],"heterotypic":[153],"WN":[159,176,193],"strains":[161,191],"from":[162],"Sarawak,":[163],"India":[164],"Egypt":[166],"revealed":[167],"that":[168,215],"dependent":[171],"strain":[174],"A":[184],"measure":[185],"similarity":[188],"five":[190],"other":[196],"flaviviruses":[197],"made":[199],"basis":[202],"viruses,":[207],"similar":[213],"based":[216],"haemagglutination":[218],"inhibition":[219],"tests":[220],"using":[221],"panel":[223],"monoclonal":[225],"antibodies.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}