{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2008123071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0176-2680(99)00007-5","title":"Carrots or sticks? A social custom viewpoint on worker effort","display_name":"Carrots or sticks? A social custom viewpoint on worker effort","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2008123071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0176-2680(99)00007-5","mag":"2008123071"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0176-2680(99)00007-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0176-2680(99)00007-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0176-2680(99)00007-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100134864","display_name":"European Journal of Political Economy","issn_l":"0176-2680","issn":["0176-2680","1873-5703"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Political Economy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109926866","display_name":"Juin\u2010jen Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7010-6666","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7010-6666"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114150738","display_name":"Fu Jen Catholic University","ror":"https://ror.org/04je98850","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114150738"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juin-jen Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Hsinchuang, Taipei 24205, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Hsinchuang, Taipei 24205, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114150738"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107983406","display_name":"Ching\u2010chong Lai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3247-8562","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3247-8562"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4880106","display_name":"Feng Chia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vhczg54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84653119","display_name":"Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/05bxb3784","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ching-chong Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan","Sun Yat-Sen Institution for Social Science and Philosophy, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-Sen Institution for Social Science and Philosophy, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5107983406"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106","https://openalex.org/I84653119"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3495,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86353773,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"297","last_page":"310"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.7440999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.7440999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.14000000059604645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.024299999698996544,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficiency-wages","display_name":"efficiency wages","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shirking","display_name":"shirking","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/worker-effort","display_name":"worker effort","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monitoring","display_name":"monitoring","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pay-for-performance","display_name":"performance-based pay","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowding-out","display_name":"crowding out","score":0.8610000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.8902312517166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6930742263793945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.6336892247200012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777388388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6821213","display_name":"Wage","level":2,"score":0.6331143379211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149333683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5189188","display_name":"Crowding","level":2,"score":0.6254677772521973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019417595","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5380817","display_name":"Low wage","level":3,"score":0.531985878944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5308592915534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.5047012567520142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8031360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071788","display_name":"Crowding out","level":2,"score":0.49858665466308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6968784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193835","display_name":"Efficiency wage","level":3,"score":0.49457499384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.34588703513145447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.12597492337226868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.08620336651802063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06755289435386658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0176-2680(99)00007-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0176-2680(99)00007-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0176-2680(99)00007-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100134864","display_name":"European Journal of Political Economy","issn_l":"0176-2680","issn":["0176-2680","1873-5703"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Political Economy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eee:poleco:v:15:y:1999:i:2:p:297-310","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0176-2680(99)00007-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.9869999885559082,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.75,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W611970590","https://openalex.org/W810801434","https://openalex.org/W1504648287","https://openalex.org/W1560703513","https://openalex.org/W1574671601","https://openalex.org/W1588086203","https://openalex.org/W1599475083","https://openalex.org/W1811629590","https://openalex.org/W1969999420","https://openalex.org/W1976029796","https://openalex.org/W1980366830","https://openalex.org/W2014174638","https://openalex.org/W2014888745","https://openalex.org/W2017116802","https://openalex.org/W2024693243","https://openalex.org/W2024810644","https://openalex.org/W2030351515","https://openalex.org/W2035709227","https://openalex.org/W2038631063","https://openalex.org/W2047301074","https://openalex.org/W2051258054","https://openalex.org/W2068232084","https://openalex.org/W2072224939","https://openalex.org/W2084715591","https://openalex.org/W2090028775","https://openalex.org/W2095717987","https://openalex.org/W2098299625","https://openalex.org/W2099326003","https://openalex.org/W2141249165","https://openalex.org/W2151678399","https://openalex.org/W2200113965","https://openalex.org/W2504561256","https://openalex.org/W3121550794","https://openalex.org/W3124441914","https://openalex.org/W3125240725","https://openalex.org/W3126031005","https://openalex.org/W4302368564","https://openalex.org/W4319781187","https://openalex.org/W6660071522","https://openalex.org/W7043232281"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098649294","https://openalex.org/W208392291","https://openalex.org/W2137571313","https://openalex.org/W2599272022","https://openalex.org/W2001396950","https://openalex.org/W84488365","https://openalex.org/W2002142607","https://openalex.org/W7098692485","https://openalex.org/W3126049526","https://openalex.org/W1901154405"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}