{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2007739294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.37595","title":"Understanding and using sensitivity, specificity and predictive values","display_name":"Understanding and using sensitivity, specificity and predictive values","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2007739294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.37595","mag":"2007739294","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18158403","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2636062"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4103/0301-4738.37595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.37595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.37595","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S191336577","display_name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","issn_l":"0301-4738","issn":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.37595","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108422535","display_name":"Rajul S. Parikh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801255070","display_name":"L V Prasad Eye Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01w8z9742","country_code":"IN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801255070"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rajul Parikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["LV Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India. drparikhs@gmail.com","L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LV Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India. drparikhs@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801255070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801255070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113633471","display_name":"Annie Mathai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801255070","display_name":"L V Prasad Eye Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01w8z9742","country_code":"IN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801255070"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Annie Mathai","raw_affiliation_strings":["L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801255070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111974944","display_name":"Shefali R. Parikh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801255070","display_name":"L V Prasad Eye Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01w8z9742","country_code":"IN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801255070"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shefali Parikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801255070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110428585","display_name":"G. Chandra Sekhar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801255070","display_name":"L V Prasad Eye Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01w8z9742","country_code":"IN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801255070"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G Chandra Sekhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801255070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111409994","display_name":"Ravi Thomas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801255070","display_name":"L V Prasad Eye Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01w8z9742","country_code":"IN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801255070"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ravi Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801255070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108422535"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801255070"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5157,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1470,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93112224,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"1","first_page":"45","last_page":"45"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11314","display_name":"Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3607","display_name":"Medical Laboratory Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"sensitivity","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specificity","display_name":"specificity","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positive-predictive-value","display_name":"positive predictive value","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negative-predictive-value","display_name":"negative predictive value","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-accuracy","display_name":"diagnostic accuracy","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-practice","display_name":"clinical practice","score":0.38199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmic-diagnosis","display_name":"ophthalmic diagnosis","score":0.6620000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019719930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3910099","display_name":"Predictive value","level":2,"score":0.8533468842506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8128947019577026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.6493282914161682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.617356538772583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.48485860228538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198433322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3910099","display_name":"Predictive value of tests","level":2,"score":0.4554741382598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.27050113677978516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.20419573783874512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.07994997501373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.0780114233493805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005128","descriptor_name":"Eye Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011237","descriptor_name":"Predictive Value of Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4103/0301-4738.37595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.37595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.37595","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S191336577","display_name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","issn_l":"0301-4738","issn":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2636062","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2636062/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2636062/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Indian J Ophthalmol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:1940902","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2636062","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:18158403","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18158403","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Indian journal of ophthalmology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8fe50240df5c4fdca09278ec406492cc","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8fe50240df5c4fdca09278ec406492cc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol 56, Iss 1, Pp 45-50 (2008)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4103/0301-4738.37595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.37595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.37595","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S191336577","display_name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","issn_l":"0301-4738","issn":["0301-4738","1998-3689"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9476000070571899,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2007739294.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2007739294.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002343208","https://openalex.org/W2030279957","https://openalex.org/W2112638792","https://openalex.org/W2213549649","https://openalex.org/W2466450020"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416741343","https://openalex.org/W2093879661","https://openalex.org/W2002832606","https://openalex.org/W2413287218","https://openalex.org/W2075588526","https://openalex.org/W6903750290","https://openalex.org/W2398110543","https://openalex.org/W2411290199","https://openalex.org/W2623277102","https://openalex.org/W3214868136"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"article,":[2],"we":[3,34],"have":[4,21,31,46],"discussed":[5,22],"the":[6,23],"basic":[7],"knowledge":[8],"to":[9,49,60],"calculate":[10,50],"sensitivity,":[11],"specificity,":[12],"positive":[13],"predictive":[14,18],"value":[15],"and":[16,25,30,52,58],"negative":[17],"value.":[19],"We":[20,44],"advantage":[24],"limitations":[26],"of":[27],"these":[28,37,62],"measures":[29,38],"provided":[32],"how":[33,48,59],"should":[35],"use":[36,61],"in":[39,67],"our":[40,65],"day-to-day":[41,68],"clinical":[42],"practice.":[43,69],"also":[45],"illustrated":[47],"sensitivity":[51],"specificity":[53],"while":[54],"combining":[55],"two":[56],"tests":[57],"results":[63],"for":[64],"patients":[66]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":85},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":119},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":162},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":162},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":157},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":178},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":144},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":107},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":84},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":75},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":78},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}