{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2007458826","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1992.10608743","title":"The Difficulty of Sit-Ups Tests: An Empirical Investigation","display_name":"The Difficulty of Sit-Ups Tests: An Empirical Investigation","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2007458826","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1992.10608743","mag":"2007458826","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1513958"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/02701367.1992.10608743","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1992.10608743","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1992.10608743","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128968821","display_name":"Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport","issn_l":"0034-5377","issn":["0034-5377","0270-1367","1067-1315","2168-3824","2326-7399","2326-7402","2576-2583","2576-2591"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059745546","display_name":"Margaret J. Safrit","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181401687","display_name":"American University","ror":"https://ror.org/052w4zt36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181401687"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Margaret J. Safrit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health and Fitness, American University, Washington, DC","Chair of the Department of Health and Fitness , American University , Washington , DC , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health and Fitness, American University, Washington, DC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181401687"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of the Department of Health and Fitness , American University , Washington , DC , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181401687"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110116850","display_name":"Weimo Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3674-8104","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3674-8104"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185443292","display_name":"Wayne State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01070mq45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weimo Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Heakh, Physical Education, and Recreation, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Heakh, Physical Education, and Recreation, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012528731","display_name":"M. Glaucia Costa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110200422","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais","ror":"https://ror.org/0176yjw32","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110200422"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Glaucia Costa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110200422"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056073587","display_name":"Liru Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123761","display_name":"American College Testing","ror":"https://ror.org/0339x3x34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123761"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liru Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["American College Testing, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"American College Testing, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123761"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3084,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77198888,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":"3","first_page":"277","last_page":"283"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.8422999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.8422999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13189","display_name":"Physical Education and Training Studies","score":0.050999999046325684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10157","display_name":"Sports Performance and Training","score":0.033399999141693115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/item-difficulty","display_name":"item difficulty","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/item-response-theory","display_name":"item response theory","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-fitness-assessment","display_name":"physical fitness assessment","score":0.5789999961853027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.46373358368873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.37700897455215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.29280874133110046}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010809","descriptor_name":"Physical Fitness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015444","descriptor_name":"Exercise","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/02701367.1992.10608743","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1992.10608743","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1992.10608743","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128968821","display_name":"Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport","issn_l":"0034-5377","issn":["0034-5377","0270-1367","1067-1315","2168-3824","2326-7399","2326-7402","2576-2583","2576-2591"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:1513958","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1513958","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5683000087738037,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309626","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W67340784","https://openalex.org/W1513393881","https://openalex.org/W1524871197","https://openalex.org/W1825499807","https://openalex.org/W1965275210","https://openalex.org/W1972227505","https://openalex.org/W1972430991","https://openalex.org/W1979680976","https://openalex.org/W1981536721","https://openalex.org/W2012717173","https://openalex.org/W2019405577","https://openalex.org/W2033876486","https://openalex.org/W2035951839","https://openalex.org/W2127374659","https://openalex.org/W2162875893","https://openalex.org/W2399494205","https://openalex.org/W2419134725","https://openalex.org/W2472115964","https://openalex.org/W2781283291","https://openalex.org/W4243195308","https://openalex.org/W4301165039"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2080785221","https://openalex.org/W1492708293","https://openalex.org/W205085993","https://openalex.org/W1966787413","https://openalex.org/W7100338714","https://openalex.org/W2188084067","https://openalex.org/W4406620755","https://openalex.org/W2971837408","https://openalex.org/W199537977","https://openalex.org/W81697485"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"estimated":[2],"the":[3,16,45,49,55,61,71],"difficulty":[4,35,41,50,56,62,68],"of":[5,51,57,63,70,102,109],"various":[6],"sit-ups":[7,26,103,116],"tests":[8,29,72,91,104],"using":[9],"an":[10],"item":[11],"response":[12],"theory":[13],"(IRT)":[14],"model,":[15],"Rasch":[17],"Poisson":[18,46],"Counts":[19],"model.":[20],"Scores":[21],"were":[22,30],"obtained":[23],"on":[24,37,85],"18":[25],"tests.":[27],"All":[28],"thought":[31],"to":[32,76],"vary":[33],"in":[34,113],"based":[36],"clinical":[38],"observations.":[39],"Item":[40],"was":[42,81],"defined":[43],"by":[44],"model":[47],"as":[48],"Step":[52],"1,":[53],"where":[54],"a":[58,65,100,107,115],"step":[59],"represented":[60],"completing":[64],"sit-up.":[66],"The":[67,78,96],"values":[69],"ranged":[73],"from":[74],"-4.02":[75],"-3.57.":[77],"easiest":[79],"test":[80,117],"executed":[82],"with":[83],"hands":[84],"thighs":[86],"and":[87,111],"feet":[88],"anchored.":[89],"Most":[90],"had":[92],"good":[93],"fit":[94],"values.":[95],"results":[97],"demonstrated":[98],"that":[99],"variety":[101,112],"can":[105],"provide":[106],"range":[108],"difficulties":[110],"forming":[114],"bank.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}