{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2007361748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-025x(2002)6:3(141)","title":"Natural Attenuation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Sites: Review","display_name":"Natural Attenuation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Sites: Review","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2007361748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-025x(2002)6:3(141)","mag":"2007361748"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1061/(asce)1090-025x(2002)6:3(141)","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-025x(2002)6:3(141)","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-025x(2002)6:3(141)","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111825859","display_name":"Practice Periodical of Hazardous Toxic and Radioactive Waste Management","issn_l":"1090-025X","issn":["1090-025X","1944-8376"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315747","host_organization_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315747"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Civil Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001676526","display_name":"Shane Rogers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4488-5122","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4488-5122"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. W. Rogers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Civil and Construction Engineering, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA\u200950011"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Civil and Construction Engineering, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA\u200950011","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081250703","display_name":"Say Kee Ong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5008-4279","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5008-4279"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S. K. Ong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Civil and Construction Engineering, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA\u200950011 (corresponding author)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Civil and Construction Engineering, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA\u200950011 (corresponding author)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111575385","display_name":"B. H. Kjartanson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. H. Kjartanson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Civil and Construction Engineering, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA\u200950011"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Civil and Construction Engineering, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA\u200950011","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054131931","display_name":"Johanshir Golchin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76109909","display_name":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/038b0hg50","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76109909"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Golchin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Civil and Construction Engineering, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA\u200950011; and Iowa Dept. of Natural Resources, Des Moines, IA\u200950319"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Civil and Construction Engineering, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA\u200950011; and Iowa Dept. of Natural Resources, Des Moines, IA\u200950319","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158","https://openalex.org/I76109909"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067150585","display_name":"Greg A. Stenback","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. A. Stenback","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Civil and Construction Engineering, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA\u200950011"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Civil and Construction Engineering, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA\u200950011","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081250703"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8306,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82713775,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"3","first_page":"141","last_page":"155"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10324","display_name":"Microbial bioremediation and biosurfactants","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10324","display_name":"Microbial bioremediation and biosurfactants","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13092","display_name":"Environmental Chemistry and Analysis","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2304","display_name":"Environmental Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10894","display_name":"Groundwater flow and contamination studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-attenuation","display_name":"natural attenuation","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons","display_name":"polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sorption","display_name":"sorption","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biodegradation","display_name":"biodegradation","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naphthalene","display_name":"naphthalene","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acenaphthylene","display_name":"acenaphthylene","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenanthrene","display_name":"phenanthrene","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/first-order-decay-rate","display_name":"first-order decay rate","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-aqueous-phase-liquids","display_name":"non-aqueous phase liquids","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-acceptors","display_name":"electron acceptors","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microbial-degradation","display_name":"microbial degradation","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fate-and-transport","display_name":"fate and transport","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remediation","display_name":"remediation","score":0.7289999723434448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777621458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415128","display_name":"Acenaphthylene","level":3,"score":0.8808625340461731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776891815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422037","display_name":"Phenanthrene","level":2,"score":0.8157761693000793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.7392711639404297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779255514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179724","display_name":"Naphthalene","level":2,"score":0.6913107633590698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112570922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603","display_name":"Contamination","level":2,"score":0.6533826589584351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.586830198764801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779033964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407212","display_name":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon","level":2,"score":0.5800893306732178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58445606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898533","display_name":"Sorption","level":3,"score":0.49942874908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4892151355743408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.47511109709739685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777207669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43648","display_name":"Hydrocarbon","level":2,"score":0.4500862658023834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.14314424991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150394285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180254","display_name":"Adsorption","level":2,"score":0.13025599718093872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.07262122631072998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1061/(asce)1090-025x(2002)6:3(141)","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-025x(2002)6:3(141)","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-025x(2002)6:3(141)","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111825859","display_name":"Practice Periodical of Hazardous Toxic and Radioactive Waste Management","issn_l":"1090-025X","issn":["1090-025X","1944-8376"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315747","host_organization_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315747"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Civil Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":104,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W82602818","https://openalex.org/W135725869","https://openalex.org/W175436550","https://openalex.org/W574632868","https://openalex.org/W1485170049","https://openalex.org/W1540007269","https://openalex.org/W1543523913","https://openalex.org/W1548396112","https://openalex.org/W1552714455","https://openalex.org/W1560653231","https://openalex.org/W1574242426","https://openalex.org/W1580979329","https://openalex.org/W1592001930","https://openalex.org/W1598208256","https://openalex.org/W1606042761","https://openalex.org/W1640461641","https://openalex.org/W1799291175","https://openalex.org/W1929567230","https://openalex.org/W1967062182","https://openalex.org/W1970181707","https://openalex.org/W1971364929","https://openalex.org/W1971376286","https://openalex.org/W1971755282","https://openalex.org/W1976638618","https://openalex.org/W1977033760","https://openalex.org/W1977381196","https://openalex.org/W1979069639","https://openalex.org/W1980813248","https://openalex.org/W1983152751","https://openalex.org/W1984190670","https://openalex.org/W1988117477","https://openalex.org/W1989271550","https://openalex.org/W1989532967","https://openalex.org/W1990569321","https://openalex.org/W2003703816","https://openalex.org/W2005097910","https://openalex.org/W2011280248","https://openalex.org/W2013396176","https://openalex.org/W2014179406","https://openalex.org/W2014869987","https://openalex.org/W2015404609","https://openalex.org/W2015969099","https://openalex.org/W2021068769","https://openalex.org/W2021715615","https://openalex.org/W2023061641","https://openalex.org/W2023969785","https://openalex.org/W2024347427","https://openalex.org/W2028042837","https://openalex.org/W2029267906","https://openalex.org/W2030389074","https://openalex.org/W2034855430","https://openalex.org/W2034953653","https://openalex.org/W2036636752","https://openalex.org/W2040217203","https://openalex.org/W2044486130","https://openalex.org/W2046613707","https://openalex.org/W2047723320","https://openalex.org/W2051339421","https://openalex.org/W2053742254","https://openalex.org/W2054973475","https://openalex.org/W2055565143","https://openalex.org/W2055774782","https://openalex.org/W2055981117","https://openalex.org/W2057104134","https://openalex.org/W2059445213","https://openalex.org/W2063415188","https://openalex.org/W2063877490","https://openalex.org/W2063904689","https://openalex.org/W2066566851","https://openalex.org/W2066915082","https://openalex.org/W2067135892","https://openalex.org/W2067592625","https://openalex.org/W2067660695","https://openalex.org/W2078806469","https://openalex.org/W2078914567","https://openalex.org/W2079360282","https://openalex.org/W2079570363","https://openalex.org/W2079962848","https://openalex.org/W2081937180","https://openalex.org/W2084814739","https://openalex.org/W2086413986","https://openalex.org/W2087265702","https://openalex.org/W2088647250","https://openalex.org/W2093233927","https://openalex.org/W2094080926","https://openalex.org/W2106861836","https://openalex.org/W2111553799","https://openalex.org/W2119555067","https://openalex.org/W2122107786","https://openalex.org/W2136662100","https://openalex.org/W2141130762","https://openalex.org/W2143296802","https://openalex.org/W2146120090","https://openalex.org/W2146873462","https://openalex.org/W2149186464","https://openalex.org/W2151644236","https://openalex.org/W2154830068","https://openalex.org/W2156416105","https://openalex.org/W2187927698","https://openalex.org/W2287019335","https://openalex.org/W2404909874","https://openalex.org/W2576640570","https://openalex.org/W2740770385","https://openalex.org/W4235257283"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3085764893","https://openalex.org/W2622139911","https://openalex.org/W4294728285","https://openalex.org/W3215876100","https://openalex.org/W3108001172","https://openalex.org/W7020990283","https://openalex.org/W2965742493","https://openalex.org/W2021819661","https://openalex.org/W4406590820","https://openalex.org/W7002356352"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Natural":[0],"attenuation":[1,26,53,82,109,131,140,156,269],"is":[2,30,41,70,86,102,158],"currently":[3],"being":[4],"applied":[5],"as":[6,176],"a":[7],"remedial":[8],"technology":[9],"at":[10,27,67,83,132],"many":[11],"petroleum":[12],"hydrocarbon":[13],"and":[14,62,72,113,122,146,179,189,200,221,229,247],"chlorinated":[15],"compound":[16],"contaminated":[17,35,68],"sites.":[18,134],"Although":[19],"information":[20,32,115],"on":[21,33,51,107,167,239],"the":[22,47,56,60,73,78,92,127,139,154,168,192,208,219,227,232,240,249,267,280],"use":[23],"of":[24,59,64,75,80,95,99,110,120,129,141,151,153,170,186,207,218,223,231,251,260,270],"natural":[25,52,81,108,130,268],"these":[28,84,133],"sites":[29,34,69,85,112,281],"abundant,":[31],"with":[36],"polycyclic":[37],"aromatic":[38],"hydrocarbons":[39],"(PAH)":[40],"limited.":[42],"An":[43],"assessment":[44],"report":[45],"by":[46],"National":[48],"Research":[49],"Council":[50],"indicates":[54],"that":[55,210],"current":[57,93],"understanding":[58,121,217],"fate":[61],"transport":[63],"PAH":[65,142,224],"compounds":[66,143],"\u201cmoderate\u201d":[71],"likelihood":[74],"success":[76],"in":[77],"application":[79],"expected":[87],"to":[88,103,116,165,202,276],"be":[89,277],"\u201clow,\u201d":[90],"given":[91],"level":[94,119],"understanding.":[96],"The":[97,135,148,160,181],"purpose":[98],"this":[100],"paper":[101],"review":[104],"documented":[105],"work":[106],"PAH-contaminated":[111],"summarize":[114],"improve":[117],"our":[118],"address":[123],"important":[124],"issues":[125,209],"for":[126,279],"implementation":[128],"main":[136],"processes":[137,157],"affecting":[138],"are":[144],"sorption":[145],"biodegradation.":[147],"relative":[149],"contribution":[150],"each":[152],"two":[155],"unclear.":[159],"few":[161],"studies":[162,194],"available":[163],"tend":[164],"focus":[166],"degradation":[169,259],"low":[171,235,271],"molecular":[172,236,244,272],"weight":[173,237,245,273],"PAHs":[174,238,261,274],"such":[175],"naphthalene,":[177,187],"acenaphthylene,":[178,188],"phenanthrene.":[180],"estimated":[182],"first-order":[183],"decay":[184],"rates":[185],"phenanthrene":[190],"from":[191],"various":[193],"were":[195],"0.00057\u20130.0063":[196],"day\u22121,":[197,199,204],"0.00027":[198],"0.000027":[201],"0.063":[203],"respectively.":[205],"Some":[206],"need":[211],"further":[212],"investigation":[213],"include:":[214],"(1)":[215],"an":[216],"solubility":[220],"dissolution":[222],"NAPLs;":[225],"(2)":[226],"interactions":[228],"effects":[230],"more":[233],"soluble":[234,242],"sparingly":[241],"high":[243],"PAHs;":[246],"(3)":[248],"utilization":[250],"electron":[252],"acceptors":[253],"other":[254],"than":[255],"oxygen":[256],"during":[257],"microbial":[258],"under":[262],"complex":[263],"mixture":[264],"conditions.":[265],"Overall,":[266],"appears":[275],"promising":[278],"investigated.":[282]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
