{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2007334176","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/227595","title":"The Spread of Municipal Reform: Temporal, Spatial, and Social Dynamics","display_name":"The Spread of Municipal Reform: Temporal, Spatial, and Social Dynamics","publication_year":1982,"publication_date":"1982-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2007334176","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/227595","mag":"2007334176"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/227595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/227595","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/227595","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122471516","display_name":"American Journal of Sociology","issn_l":"0002-9602","issn":["0002-9602","1537-5390"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Sociology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086150821","display_name":"David Knoke","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Knoke","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086150821"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":30.8671,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":178,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99410454,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"87","issue":"6","first_page":"1314","last_page":"1339"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12210","display_name":"Policy Transfer and Learning","score":0.75,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12210","display_name":"Policy Transfer and Learning","score":0.75,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.03480000048875809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13247","display_name":"Local Governance and Planning","score":0.02710000053048134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/municipal-reform","display_name":"municipal reform","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commission-government","display_name":"commission government","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/municipal-government","display_name":"municipal government","score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffusion-of-innovations","display_name":"diffusion of innovations","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-diffusion","display_name":"regional diffusion","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modernization","display_name":"modernization","score":0.5049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-wages","display_name":"manufacturing wages","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/catholicism","display_name":"Catholicism","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-size","display_name":"population size","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-cities","display_name":"American cities","score":0.7099999785423279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779816988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q305418","display_name":"Abandonment (legal)","level":2,"score":0.8198326826095581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53844881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856122","display_name":"Modernization theory","level":2,"score":0.6736518144607544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.6262712478637695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781291010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178580","display_name":"Period (music)","level":2,"score":0.5357882380485535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776034101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509347","display_name":"Commission","level":2,"score":0.5182228088378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5080080032348633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3980615735054016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.38486993312835693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3716694414615631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3711833953857422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.341852605342865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.336919903755188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3283371925354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2768012583255768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/227595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/227595","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/227595","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122471516","display_name":"American Journal of Sociology","issn_l":"0002-9602","issn":["0002-9602","1537-5390"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Sociology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8787999749183655,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W263117577","https://openalex.org/W604680560","https://openalex.org/W659039885","https://openalex.org/W1479851367","https://openalex.org/W1484020476","https://openalex.org/W1973534069","https://openalex.org/W1983779505","https://openalex.org/W2013978566","https://openalex.org/W2014831101","https://openalex.org/W2015250126","https://openalex.org/W2040358151","https://openalex.org/W2050895222","https://openalex.org/W2056475699","https://openalex.org/W2065308284","https://openalex.org/W2068924857","https://openalex.org/W2070856882","https://openalex.org/W2075173543","https://openalex.org/W2077094990","https://openalex.org/W2093554189","https://openalex.org/W2105935629","https://openalex.org/W2112576752","https://openalex.org/W2156280901","https://openalex.org/W2158090037","https://openalex.org/W2314137384","https://openalex.org/W2319551157","https://openalex.org/W2320079860","https://openalex.org/W2323648439","https://openalex.org/W2329718980","https://openalex.org/W2333358406","https://openalex.org/W2334337014","https://openalex.org/W2613142814","https://openalex.org/W2798656791","https://openalex.org/W2798826866","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2130115687","https://openalex.org/W2000390127","https://openalex.org/W2159697602","https://openalex.org/W2501045267","https://openalex.org/W7165108879","https://openalex.org/W1582148703","https://openalex.org/W1976040354","https://openalex.org/W2748726437","https://openalex.org/W3029162108","https://openalex.org/W2083092996"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,75],"adoption":[1,86],"of":[2,34,49,90,97,101],"commission":[3],"and":[4,8,44],"managerial":[5],"administrative":[6],"structures":[7],"their":[9],"subsequent":[10],"abandonment":[11],"by":[12,71],"the":[13,19,72,98,102],"267":[14],"largest":[15],"American":[16],"cities":[17],"during":[18],"period":[20],"1900-1942":[21],"is":[22,61],"studied":[23],"using":[24],"event-history":[25],"methods.":[26],"Full-period":[27],"equations":[28],"show":[29],"no":[30],"significant":[31],"direct":[32],"effect":[33,55],"percentage":[35],"Catholic":[36],"(culture":[37],"clash)":[38],"or":[39],"population":[40],"size":[41],"(hierarchical":[42],"diffussion)":[43],"only":[45],"a":[46,65],"modest":[47],"impact":[48],"city":[50],"age":[51],"(modernization).":[52],"A":[53],"strong":[54],"from":[56],"average":[57],"annual":[58],"manufacturing":[59],"wages":[60],"found,":[62],"but":[63],"in":[64],"direction":[66],"contrary":[67],"to":[68,83],"that":[69],"posited":[70],"class-conflict":[73],"hypothesis.":[74],"variable":[76],"affecting":[77],"transition":[78],"rates":[79],"most":[80],"strongly":[81],"appears":[82],"be":[84],"regional":[85],"percentages,":[87],"an":[88],"indicator":[89],"neighborhood":[91],"diffusion.":[92],"These":[93],"findings":[94],"suggest":[95],"revisions":[96],"conventional":[99],"image":[100],"municipal":[103],"reform":[104],"experience.":[105]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}