{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2007300604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/096032719601500601","title":"Acute effects of the potent lacrimator o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) tear gas","display_name":"Acute effects of the potent lacrimator o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) tear gas","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2007300604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/096032719601500601","mag":"2007300604","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8793527"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/096032719601500601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/096032719601500601","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/096032719601500601","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147701277","display_name":"Human & Experimental Toxicology","issn_l":"0960-3271","issn":["0960-3271","1477-0903"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human & Experimental Toxicology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111636254","display_name":"PJ Anderson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114914","display_name":"Prince of Wales Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02827ca86","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"PJ Anderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories","Department of Clinical Pharmacology Chinese University of Hong Kong Prince of Wales Hospital Shatin, New Territories Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology Chinese University of Hong Kong Prince of Wales Hospital Shatin, New Territories Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103433035","display_name":"Gsn Lau","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114914","display_name":"Prince of Wales Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02827ca86","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gsn Lau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038333032","display_name":"Taylor Wrj.","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800849165","display_name":"British Red Cross","ror":"https://ror.org/00mn56c32","country_code":"GB","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800849165"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wrj Taylor","raw_affiliation_strings":["The British Red Cross Society, High Island Detention Centre, Sai Kung, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The British Red Cross Society, High Island Detention Centre, Sai Kung, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800849165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108487111","display_name":"J. A. J. H. Critchley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114914","display_name":"Prince of Wales Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02827ca86","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294586568","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jajh Critchley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I4210114914"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2800},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0286,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":66,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93090685,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"6","first_page":"461","last_page":"465"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13001","display_name":"Restraint-Related Deaths","score":0.8223000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13001","display_name":"Restraint-Related Deaths","score":0.8223000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10875","display_name":"Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity","score":0.07649999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11635","display_name":"Poisoning and overdose treatments","score":0.021299999207258224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/riot-control","display_name":"riot control","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detainees","display_name":"detainees","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/burns","display_name":"burns","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respiratory-symptoms","display_name":"respiratory symptoms","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hemoptysis","display_name":"hemoptysis","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hematemesis","display_name":"hematemesis","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asthma","display_name":"asthma","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peak-expiratory-flow","display_name":"peak expiratory flow","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acute-toxicity","display_name":"acute toxicity","score":0.3050000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777870961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292082","display_name":"Sore throat","level":2,"score":0.9283187389373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9025003910064697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776989088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16364","display_name":"Throat","level":2,"score":0.4140598773956299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780580376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186889","display_name":"Nausea","level":2,"score":0.4128972291946411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.3922986388206482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.3814682066440582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.3714694678783417}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002057","descriptor_name":"Burns, Chemical","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006261","descriptor_name":"Headache","qualifier_ui":"Q000139","qualifier_name":"chemically induced","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006723","descriptor_name":"Hong Kong","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008171","descriptor_name":"Lung Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000139","qualifier_name":"chemically induced","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009763","descriptor_name":"o-Chlorobenzylidenemalonitrile","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010608","descriptor_name":"Pharyngeal Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000139","qualifier_name":"chemically induced","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012036","descriptor_name":"Refugees","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013665","descriptor_name":"Tear Gases","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/096032719601500601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/096032719601500601","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/096032719601500601","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147701277","display_name":"Human & Experimental Toxicology","issn_l":"0960-3271","issn":["0960-3271","1477-0903"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human & Experimental Toxicology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8793527","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8793527","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human & experimental toxicology","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970496324","https://openalex.org/W1982775806","https://openalex.org/W1985279558","https://openalex.org/W2004900733","https://openalex.org/W2039035233","https://openalex.org/W2045933944","https://openalex.org/W2402781666","https://openalex.org/W2402940256","https://openalex.org/W2413728610"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026486703","https://openalex.org/W2401160452","https://openalex.org/W2005163536","https://openalex.org/W2032612448","https://openalex.org/W1990900920","https://openalex.org/W195945700","https://openalex.org/W1788162765","https://openalex.org/W2981551915","https://openalex.org/W2142446598","https://openalex.org/W2029615227"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"1.":[0],"The":[1,100,196],"use":[2],"of":[3,62,78,84,112,168,198,205,212,214,244,255,269,279,293,296,311],"tear":[4,70,280],"gas":[5,71,162,281,298],"to":[6,49,69,150],"control":[7],"civil":[8],"unrest":[9],"is":[10,18],"accepted":[11],"practice":[12],"by":[13,60,131],"government":[14],"authorities":[15],"worldwide.":[16],"It":[17],"rarely":[19],"used":[20,37],"in":[21,177,192,257,282,308],"Hong":[22],"Kong":[23],"but":[24,187,239,252,303],"during":[25],"a":[26,30,132,221,241,267,283],"recent":[27],"riot":[28,284],"at":[29],"Vietnamese":[31],"detention":[32],"centre":[33],"large":[34],"quantities":[35],"were":[36,58,94,104,134,158,189,250],"and":[38,121,137,156,184,220],"this":[39,304],"was":[40,260,305],"cause":[41],"for":[42,217,225],"some":[43],"concern.":[44],"2.":[45],"All":[46,142],"patients":[47,87,166,199,259],"presenting":[48],"the":[50,56,63,76,79,81,85,125,151,178,229,253,270,277],"British":[51],"Red":[52],"Cross":[53],"Clinic":[54],"after":[55,228],"incident":[57],"seen":[59,307],"one":[61,193,208],"authors.":[64],"To":[65],"establish":[66],"if":[67],"exposure":[68,93,206],"had":[72,172,200,232,240],"serious":[73,248],"effects":[74,278],"on":[75,129,276],"health":[77],"detainees,":[80],"case":[82],"records":[83],"184":[86],"with":[88,91,160],"symptoms":[89,170],"consistent":[90,159],"CS":[92,161,297],"reviewed":[95],"2":[96,203],"months":[97],"later.":[98],"3.":[99],"most":[101],"common":[102,127],"complaints":[103],"burns":[105,135,143,256],"(52%),":[106],"cough":[107],"(38%),":[108],"headache":[109],"(29%),":[110],"shortness":[111,213],"breath":[113,215],"(21%),":[114],"chest":[115],"pain":[116],"(19%),":[117],"sore":[118,222],"throat":[119,140,223],"(15%)":[120],"fever":[122],"(13%).":[123],"However,":[124,272],"only":[126,190],"findings":[128],"examination":[130],"physician":[133],"(52%)":[136],"an":[138],"inflamed":[139],"(27%).":[141],"could":[144],"be":[145,264],"categorised":[146],"as":[147,181],"\"minor'":[148],"according":[149],"American":[152],"Burns":[153],"Association":[154],"classification":[155],"all":[157],"exposure.":[163],"4.":[164],"Some":[165],"complained":[167,211],"other":[169],"that":[171],"not":[173,306],"been":[174,287,291],"previously":[175],"reported":[176],"literature,":[179],"such":[180],"haemoptysis":[182],"(8%)":[183],"haematemesis":[185],"(4%),":[186],"these":[188,258],"confirmed":[191],"patient.":[194],"5.":[195],"majority":[197],"recovered":[201],"within":[202],"weeks":[204],"although":[207],"asthmatic":[209],"patient":[210],"lasting":[216,224],"33":[218],"days":[219,227],"38":[226],"incident.":[230],"She":[231],"abnormally":[233],"low":[234],"peak":[235],"expiratory":[236],"flow":[237],"readings,":[238],"clinical":[242],"history":[243],"asthma.":[245],"6.":[246],"No":[247],"sequelae":[249],"encountered,":[251],"incidence":[254],"higher":[261],"than":[262],"would":[263],"expected":[265],"from":[266],"review":[268],"literature.":[271],"very":[273],"little":[274],"data":[275],"situation":[285],"has":[286],"published.":[288],"There":[289],"have":[290],"reports":[292],"high":[294],"concentrations":[295],"causing":[299],"reactive":[300],"airways":[301],"dysfunction":[302],"our":[309],"group":[310],"patients.":[312]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}