{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2007299246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184x13502730","title":"Using the Inequitable Gender Norms Scale and Associated HIV Risk Behaviors among Men at High Risk for HIV in Ghana and Tanzania","display_name":"Using the Inequitable Gender Norms Scale and Associated HIV Risk Behaviors among Men at High Risk for HIV in Ghana and Tanzania","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2007299246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184x13502730","mag":"2007299246"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1097184x13502730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184x13502730","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184x13502730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96072387","display_name":"Men and Masculinities","issn_l":"1097-184X","issn":["1097-184X","1552-6828"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Men and Masculinities","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038733991","display_name":"Dominick C Shattuck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8524-8149","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8524-8149"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290866511","display_name":"Family Health International 360","ror":"https://ror.org/007kp6q87","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290866511"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dominick Shattuck","raw_affiliation_strings":["FHI, Durham, NC, USA","#N# 1FHI, Durham, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FHI, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290866511"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N# 1FHI, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290866511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087597271","display_name":"Holly M. Burke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-5628","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-5628"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290866511","display_name":"Family Health International 360","ror":"https://ror.org/007kp6q87","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290866511"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Holly Burke","raw_affiliation_strings":["FHI, Durham, NC, USA","#N# 1FHI, Durham, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FHI, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290866511"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N# 1FHI, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290866511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059735653","display_name":"Catalina B. Ramirez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0872-0307","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0872-0307"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290866511","display_name":"Family Health International 360","ror":"https://ror.org/007kp6q87","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290866511"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catalina Ramirez","raw_affiliation_strings":["FHI, Durham, NC, USA","#N# 1FHI, Durham, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FHI, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290866511"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N# 1FHI, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290866511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080444133","display_name":"Stacey Succop","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290866511","display_name":"Family Health International 360","ror":"https://ror.org/007kp6q87","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290866511"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stacey Succop","raw_affiliation_strings":["FHI, Durham, NC, USA","#N# 1FHI, Durham, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FHI, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290866511"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N# 1FHI, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290866511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042132572","display_name":"Betsy Costenbader","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290866511","display_name":"Family Health International 360","ror":"https://ror.org/007kp6q87","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290866511"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Betsy Costenbader","raw_affiliation_strings":["FHI, Durham, NC, USA","#N# 1FHI, Durham, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FHI, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290866511"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N# 1FHI, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290866511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010859228","display_name":"John Attafuah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Dekyem Attafuah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virtual Access, Accra, Ghana","#N# 2Virtual Access, Accra, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virtual Access, Accra, Ghana","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N# 2Virtual Access, Accra, Ghana","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032990140","display_name":"Erasmus Mndeme","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erasmus Mndeme","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of Tanzania","#N# 3Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of Tanzania","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N# 3Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of Tanzania","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103689189","display_name":"Jessie Mbwambo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jessie Mbwambo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of Tanzania","#N# 3Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of Tanzania","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N# 3Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of Tanzania","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018956008","display_name":"Greg Guest","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290866511","display_name":"Family Health International 360","ror":"https://ror.org/007kp6q87","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290866511"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Greg Guest","raw_affiliation_strings":["FHI, Durham, NC, USA","#N# 1FHI, Durham, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FHI, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290866511"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N# 1FHI, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290866511"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038733991"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290866511"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.988,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97298339,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"5","first_page":"540","last_page":"559"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11888","display_name":"Gender Roles and Identity Studies","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11888","display_name":"Gender Roles and Identity Studies","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12275","display_name":"Gender and Feminist Studies","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-norms","display_name":"gender norms","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-risk-behavior","display_name":"HIV risk behavior","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-validation","display_name":"scale validation","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-validity","display_name":"internal validity","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attitudes-toward-homosexuality","display_name":"attitudes toward homosexuality","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ghana","display_name":"Ghana","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tanzania","display_name":"Tanzania","score":1.0}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779357621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655495","display_name":"Tanzania","level":2,"score":0.6871305704116821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.6479637622833252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5938979387283325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.5121950507164001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776001192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6636","display_name":"Homosexuality","level":2,"score":0.47560176253318787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40722632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5160137","display_name":"Confirmatory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.4477713108062744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4349970519542694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3882730007171631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.346452534198761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.34467431902885437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.17122825980186462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.12145429849624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10710951685905457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.10661795735359192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.10585993528366089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07380509376525879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1097184x13502730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184x13502730","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184x13502730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96072387","display_name":"Men and Masculinities","issn_l":"1097-184X","issn":["1097-184X","1552-6828"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Men and Masculinities","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8048999905586243,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7390999794006348,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W140530478","https://openalex.org/W1482594820","https://openalex.org/W1498564930","https://openalex.org/W1504032543","https://openalex.org/W1524121127","https://openalex.org/W1626067434","https://openalex.org/W1918453546","https://openalex.org/W1969827122","https://openalex.org/W1972806788","https://openalex.org/W1974006203","https://openalex.org/W1979241578","https://openalex.org/W1987276314","https://openalex.org/W1990836410","https://openalex.org/W1995977157","https://openalex.org/W1997951187","https://openalex.org/W2010164770","https://openalex.org/W2016065902","https://openalex.org/W2016284366","https://openalex.org/W2038426830","https://openalex.org/W2041618028","https://openalex.org/W2056062595","https://openalex.org/W2059634031","https://openalex.org/W2071666535","https://openalex.org/W2094397364","https://openalex.org/W2094427079","https://openalex.org/W2095516156","https://openalex.org/W2104129505","https://openalex.org/W2107024730","https://openalex.org/W2110244813","https://openalex.org/W2112594467","https://openalex.org/W2114535325","https://openalex.org/W2117012826","https://openalex.org/W2120885085","https://openalex.org/W2130644352","https://openalex.org/W2130843993","https://openalex.org/W2133484963","https://openalex.org/W2146957315","https://openalex.org/W2149608872","https://openalex.org/W2155838588","https://openalex.org/W2612585618","https://openalex.org/W2612828412","https://openalex.org/W2734253998","https://openalex.org/W2739470396","https://openalex.org/W2797161710","https://openalex.org/W3095310067","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2406897942","https://openalex.org/W1987276314","https://openalex.org/W3151883618","https://openalex.org/W2285571031","https://openalex.org/W2965458738","https://openalex.org/W3195604560","https://openalex.org/W2811077175","https://openalex.org/W7047017087","https://openalex.org/W6991314862","https://openalex.org/W7100214848"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Context:":[0],"Gender":[1,19,54],"norms":[2,108,153,170,195,215],"influence":[3],"unintended":[4],"pregnancy,":[5],"maternal":[6],"health,":[7],"HIV/AIDS":[8],"infection,":[9],"and":[10,30,48,64,81,90,196],"act":[11],"as":[12,165],"barriers":[13],"to":[14,39,101,168,185,197],"reproductive":[15],"health":[16],"services.":[17],"The":[18,96,144],"Equitable":[20],"Men":[21],"(GEM)":[22],"scale":[23,61,89,98,121,146,184],"has":[24,37,217],"been":[25,218],"used":[26],"widely":[27],"in":[28,32,62,109,140,154,221],"programs":[29,199],"research":[31],"African":[33,156,223],"settings,":[34],"but":[35],"it":[36],"yet":[38],"be":[40,102],"statistically":[41,219],"validated.":[42],"Method:":[43],"We":[44,205],"examined":[45],"the":[46,52,59,75,79,87,120,123,129,159,182,222],"internal":[47,76],"external":[49],"validity":[50,77],"of":[51,58,78,106,151,161,190,193,208,213],"Inequitable":[53],"Norms":[55],"(IGN)":[56],"subscale":[57,80],"GEM":[60],"Tanzania":[63],"Ghana":[65],"using":[66,181],"a":[67,103,148,166,178,187],"two-step,":[68],"mixed-method":[69],"process.":[70],"Confirmatory":[71],"factor":[72,126],"analysis":[73],"tested":[74],"regression":[82],"tests":[83],"identified":[84],"associations":[85],"between":[86],"IGN":[88,97,130,145,183],"several":[91,136],"HIV":[92,137],"risk-related":[93],"variables.":[94],"Results:":[95],"was":[99],"shown":[100],"useful":[104],"measure":[105,150,212],"gender":[107,152,169,194,203,214],"both":[110,141],"countries.":[111,157],"Excluding":[112],"two":[113],"questions":[114],"that":[115,216],"measured":[116],"attitudes":[117,162],"toward":[118,163],"homosexuality,":[119],"met":[122],"hypothesized":[124],"single":[125],"structure.":[127],"Furthermore,":[128],"scores":[131],"were":[132],"significantly":[133],"associated":[134],"with":[135],"risk":[138],"variables":[139],"samples.":[142],"Conclusions:":[143],"is":[147],"robust":[149],"these":[155],"However,":[158],"role":[160],"homosexuality":[164],"contributor":[167],"measurement":[171],"needs":[172],"further":[173],"exploration.":[174],"Our":[175],"analyses":[176],"provide":[177,186],"basis":[179],"for":[180],"contextualized":[188],"understanding":[189],"men\u2019s":[191],"perceptions":[192],"evaluate":[198],"focused":[200],"more":[201],"equitable":[202],"norms.":[204],"are":[206],"aware":[207],"only":[209],"one":[210],"other":[211],"validated":[220],"Context.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}