{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2007252830","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1538513209359869","title":"Ankara, a Small Town, Transformed to a Nation\u2019s Capital","display_name":"Ankara, a Small Town, Transformed to a Nation\u2019s Capital","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-01-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2007252830","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1538513209359869","mag":"2007252830"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1538513209359869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1538513209359869","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1538513209359869","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199096643","display_name":"Journal of Planning History","issn_l":"1538-5132","issn":["1538-5132","1552-6585"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Planning History","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007799436","display_name":"Ay\u015fe Duygu Ka\u00e7ar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6561-7517","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6561-7517"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","display_name":"Middle East Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/014weej12","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Duygu Kacar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Middle East Technical University, Department of Architecture,\rAnkara, Turkey,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Middle East Technical University, Department of Architecture,\rAnkara, Turkey,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007799436"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":21.7542,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98852207,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"43","last_page":"65"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12188","display_name":"Architecture, Modernity, and Design","score":0.7562999725341797,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2216","display_name":"Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12188","display_name":"Architecture, Modernity, and Design","score":0.7562999725341797,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2216","display_name":"Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13210","display_name":"Historical Turkish Studies","score":0.11630000174045563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13519","display_name":"Historical Architecture and Urbanism","score":0.10939999669790268,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ankara","display_name":"Ankara","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capital-city-planning","display_name":"capital city planning","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turkey","display_name":"Turkey","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mustafa-kemal-ataturk","display_name":"Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-transformation","display_name":"urban transformation","score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-architects","display_name":"foreign architects","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german-architects","display_name":"German architects","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nation-building","display_name":"nation-building","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/westernization","display_name":"Westernization","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-world-war-i-reconstruction","display_name":"post-World War I reconstruction","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-planning-history","display_name":"urban planning history","score":0.3840000033378601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133979268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1682108","display_name":"Vision","level":2,"score":0.681932806968689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.623208224773407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781121862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256","display_name":"Turkish","level":2,"score":0.576748251914978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83646750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893","display_name":"Capital (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.5660749673843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5613442063331604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.5509980916976929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4966443181037903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777057090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329623","display_name":"Cultural center","level":2,"score":0.4491352140903473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32558149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1752412","display_name":"Nation-building","level":3,"score":0.43218767642974854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778495208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48349","display_name":"Empire","level":2,"score":0.42519402503967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.4051869213581085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6303427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398","display_name":"Economic history","level":1,"score":0.3981132209300995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3939463794231415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.35622507333755493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2802349925041199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.22755715250968933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.19837230443954468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.15719076991081238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.12344801425933838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1538513209359869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1538513209359869","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1538513209359869","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199096643","display_name":"Journal of Planning History","issn_l":"1538-5132","issn":["1538-5132","1552-6585"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Planning History","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7250000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W646564788","https://openalex.org/W1501043504","https://openalex.org/W2044000087"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2142316983","https://openalex.org/W4214737590","https://openalex.org/W4240645251","https://openalex.org/W144541111","https://openalex.org/W7070973350","https://openalex.org/W2032793594","https://openalex.org/W4302385159","https://openalex.org/W2078747510","https://openalex.org/W6989193247","https://openalex.org/W7110640620"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Out":[0],"of":[1,4,12,16,24,31,41,57,69,84,89,104,113,149,162,173,206,212,219],"the":[2,5,10,22,25,29,70,76,82,94,110,116,130,150,159,203,210,216,220,224],"ashes":[3],"Ottoman":[6],"Empire":[7],"and":[8,65,98,109,123,177,201,215],"at":[9,61],"end":[11],"a":[13,55,63,101,120,137,171,187,191],"protracted":[14],"war":[15],"independence":[17],"that":[18],"followed":[19],"close":[20],"on":[21],"heels":[23],"First":[26],"World":[27],"War,":[28],"Republic":[30],"Turkey":[32,169],"came":[33],"into":[34,50],"being":[35],"in":[36,52,93,136,223],"1923.":[37],"Its":[38,107],"founders\u2014a":[39],"group":[40,172],"career":[42],"military":[43],"officers":[44],"led":[45],"by":[46],"Mustafa":[47],"Kemal":[48],"Atat\u00fcrk\u2014set":[49],"motion":[51],"rapid":[53,160],"order":[54],"number":[56],"societal":[58],"reforms":[59],"aimed":[60],"building":[62],"modernized":[64],"Westernized":[66],"nation-state.":[67],"Part":[68],"founders\u2019":[71],"vision":[72],"was":[73,91,126,184],"to":[74,81,133],"build":[75],"country\u2019s":[77,95],"new":[78,213],"capital":[79,192,208],"closer":[80],"center":[83],"its":[85],"landmass.":[86],"The":[87],"location":[88],"choice":[90],"Ankara":[92,114,163],"rural":[96],"interior,":[97],"it":[99],"carried":[100],"political":[102],"message":[103],"major":[105,121],"proportions.":[106],"implementation,":[108],"visual":[111],"development":[112],"from":[115],"ground":[117],"up":[118],"as":[119,164,166,186],"city":[122],"cultural":[124],"center,":[125],"another":[127],"matter.":[128],"Since":[129],"statement":[131],"needed":[132],"be":[134],"articulated":[135],"modern,":[138],"or":[139],"Western,":[140],"design,":[141],"Ottoman-Turkish":[142],"architects":[143],"were":[144,155],"not":[145],"considered":[146],"for":[147,158,189,193],"most":[148],"jobs":[151],"and,":[152],"moreover,":[153],"they":[154],"too":[156],"few":[157],"expansion":[161],"well":[165],"Istanbul.":[167],"So":[168],"assembled":[170],"top-of-the-line,":[174],"mostly":[175],"Austrian":[176],"German,":[178],"talent.":[179],"While":[180],"doing":[181],"this,":[182],"planning":[183],"used":[185],"tool":[188],"creating":[190],"independence.":[194],"Using":[195],"archival":[196],"documents,":[197],"this":[198],"article":[199],"recounts":[200],"illustrates":[202],"physical":[204],"creation":[205],"Turkey\u2019s":[207],"city,":[209],"emergence":[211],"visions,":[214],"foreign":[217],"actors":[218],"built":[221],"environment":[222],"early":[225],"republican":[226],"process.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}