{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2007162267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1996.10476947","title":"On the Generalization of the Likelihood Function and the Likelihood Principle","display_name":"On the Generalization of the Likelihood Function and the Likelihood Principle","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2007162267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1996.10476947","mag":"2007162267"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/01621459.1996.10476947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1996.10476947","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1996.10476947","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394736638","display_name":"Journal of the American Statistical Association","issn_l":"0162-1459","issn":["0162-1459","1537-274X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Statistical Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081323166","display_name":"Jan F. Bj\u00f8rnstad","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321605679","display_name":"Statistics Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/02e50va28","country_code":"NO","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321605679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jan F. Bj\u00f8rnstad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Statistics Norway","Division of Statistical Methods and Standards , Statistics Norway , N-0033, Oslo , Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Statistics Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321605679"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Statistical Methods and Standards , Statistics Norway , N-0033, Oslo , Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321605679"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081323166"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321605679"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2219,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":98,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90504215,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"91","issue":"434","first_page":"791","last_page":"791"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.9639000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.9639000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.010900000110268593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13500","display_name":"Probability and Statistical Research","score":0.010700000450015068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/likelihood-function","display_name":"likelihood function","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/likelihood-principle","display_name":"likelihood principle","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sufficiency-principle","display_name":"sufficiency principle","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditionality-principle","display_name":"conditionality principle","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-model","display_name":"prediction model","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-bayes","display_name":"empirical Bayes","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundations-of-statistics","display_name":"foundations of statistics","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-variables","display_name":"latent variables","score":0.6819999814033508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189559763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13200161","display_name":"Likelihood principle","level":5,"score":0.8725868463516235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89106044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45284","display_name":"Likelihood function","level":3,"score":0.7716827392578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.7467277646064758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95923904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760420","display_name":"Marginal likelihood","level":3,"score":0.6008840799331665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61420037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316301","display_name":"Restricted maximum likelihood","level":3,"score":0.599836528301239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781117939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374245","display_name":"Empirical likelihood","level":3,"score":0.5635975003242493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5462855100631714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.5324246287345886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207201462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182505","display_name":"Bayes' theorem","level":3,"score":0.49141204357147217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.4767376184463501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.4595860540866852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.45375820994377136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.436947226524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.3968844413757324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26359558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269462","display_name":"Quasi-maximum likelihood","level":4,"score":0.2765312194824219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.23575660586357117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.11250489950180054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.07992053031921387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/01621459.1996.10476947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1996.10476947","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1996.10476947","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394736638","display_name":"Journal of the American Statistical Association","issn_l":"0162-1459","issn":["0162-1459","1537-274X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Statistical Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2307/2291674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2291674","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2291674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394736638","display_name":"Journal of the American Statistical Association","issn_l":"0162-1459","issn":["0162-1459","1537-274X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Statistical Association","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W30853191","https://openalex.org/W1575236038","https://openalex.org/W1972036136","https://openalex.org/W1984548420","https://openalex.org/W1986942762","https://openalex.org/W1987968520","https://openalex.org/W1996842232","https://openalex.org/W2003294159","https://openalex.org/W2016356642","https://openalex.org/W2016549789","https://openalex.org/W2022345587","https://openalex.org/W2023390764","https://openalex.org/W2024244371","https://openalex.org/W2025886858","https://openalex.org/W2033393800","https://openalex.org/W2035141875","https://openalex.org/W2039868876","https://openalex.org/W2044758663","https://openalex.org/W2047237722","https://openalex.org/W2050190133","https://openalex.org/W2052385974","https://openalex.org/W2054409858","https://openalex.org/W2055487117","https://openalex.org/W2067342226","https://openalex.org/W2068407867","https://openalex.org/W2074007957","https://openalex.org/W2080691193","https://openalex.org/W2081746894","https://openalex.org/W2085325961","https://openalex.org/W2112746900","https://openalex.org/W2118502261","https://openalex.org/W2158216009","https://openalex.org/W2161889553","https://openalex.org/W2167475503","https://openalex.org/W2403035479","https://openalex.org/W2412330070","https://openalex.org/W2494856635","https://openalex.org/W2502637120","https://openalex.org/W2801974569","https://openalex.org/W2802667783","https://openalex.org/W3023006322","https://openalex.org/W3197494818","https://openalex.org/W4229926969","https://openalex.org/W4233085808","https://openalex.org/W4236549809","https://openalex.org/W4238306122","https://openalex.org/W4240824175","https://openalex.org/W4240874411","https://openalex.org/W4242743071","https://openalex.org/W4249750499","https://openalex.org/W4255617862","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4243478086","https://openalex.org/W1992295432","https://openalex.org/W201590186","https://openalex.org/W1820846430","https://openalex.org/W1538386868","https://openalex.org/W4406363499","https://openalex.org/W2068407867","https://openalex.org/W292287987","https://openalex.org/W1042130756","https://openalex.org/W44739198"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,20,49],"parametric":[1,12],"likelihood":[2,4,32,50],"and":[3,14,33,39,45,59,73,83,89,99],"principle":[5],"(LP)":[6],"play":[7],"a":[8,68],"central":[9],"role":[10],"in":[11,15],"methodology":[13],"the":[16,29,53,57,60,71,84,96],"foundations":[17],"of":[18,23,31,56,63,70,86],"statistics.":[19],"main":[21],"purpose":[22],"this":[24,81],"article":[25],"is":[26,52,78,103],"to":[27,35],"extend":[28],"concepts":[30],"LP":[34,77,102],"general":[36],"inferential":[37,64,75],"aims":[38],"models":[40],"covering,":[41],"for":[42],"example,":[43],"prediction":[44],"empirical":[46],"Bayes":[47],"models.":[48],"function":[51,69],"joint":[54],"distribution":[55],"data":[58],"unobserved":[61],"variables":[62],"interest,":[65],"considered":[66],"as":[67],"parameters":[72],"these":[74],"variables.":[76],"based":[79],"on":[80],"likelihood,":[82],"principles":[85],"sufficiency":[87],"(SP)":[88],"conditionality":[90],"(CP)":[91],"are":[92],"modified":[93],"such":[94],"that":[95],"equivalence":[97],"SP":[98],"CP":[100],"\u21d4":[101],"valid,":[104],"generalizing":[105],"Birnbaum's":[106],"theorem.":[107]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}