{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2007138701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4141/a96-044","title":"Significance of endogenous gut nitrogen losses in the nutrition of growing pigs: A review","display_name":"Significance of endogenous gut nitrogen losses in the nutrition of growing pigs: A review","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2007138701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4141/a96-044","mag":"2007138701"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4141/a96-044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4141/a96-044","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4141/a96-044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54036783","display_name":"Canadian Journal of Animal Science","issn_l":"0008-3984","issn":["0008-3984","1918-1825"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312929","host_organization_name":"Canadian Science Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312929"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Canadian Science Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Canadian Journal of Animal Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082120164","display_name":"Charles Martin Nyachoti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7075-7226","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7075-7226"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. M. Nyachoti","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113458312","display_name":"C. F. M. de Lange","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. F. M. de Lange","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063436262","display_name":"B.W. McBride","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4211-5362","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4211-5362"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. W. McBride","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024393400","display_name":"Hagen Schulze","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2016-9252","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2016-9252"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Schulze","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.4792,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":283,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9792261,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"77","issue":"1","first_page":"149","last_page":"163"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10152","display_name":"Animal Nutrition and Physiology","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10152","display_name":"Animal Nutrition and Physiology","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10098","display_name":"Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10450","display_name":"Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1104","display_name":"Aquatic Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endogenous-nitrogen-losses","display_name":"endogenous nitrogen losses","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/growing-pigs","display_name":"growing pigs","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amino-acid-digestibility","display_name":"amino acid digestibility","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/15n-isotope-dilution","display_name":"15N isotope dilution","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antinutritional-factors","display_name":"antinutritional factors","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dietary-fiber","display_name":"dietary fiber","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exogenous-enzymes","display_name":"exogenous enzymes","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-breeding","display_name":"plant breeding","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metabolic-cost","display_name":"metabolic cost","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrogen-use-efficiency","display_name":"nitrogen use efficiency","score":0.44999998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-efficiency","display_name":"energy efficiency","score":0.5170000195503235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16613235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285982","display_name":"Endogeny","level":2,"score":0.7104921936988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780138947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q393855","display_name":"Dry matter","level":2,"score":0.6013608574867249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5970149040222168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C515207424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8066","display_name":"Amino acid","level":2,"score":0.5737390518188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776142715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193970","display_name":"Casein","level":2,"score":0.507063627243042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781357212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275608","display_name":"Digestion (alchemy)","level":2,"score":0.48450085520744324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140793950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091","display_name":"Animal science","level":1,"score":0.4499078392982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61716771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q496","display_name":"Feces","level":2,"score":0.44890516996383667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777226302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233345","display_name":"Ileum","level":2,"score":0.44424760341644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142796444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181394","display_name":"Nutrient","level":2,"score":0.44296687841415405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.40425318479537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.3520891070365906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.23836281895637512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.08899682760238647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4141/a96-044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4141/a96-044","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4141/a96-044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54036783","display_name":"Canadian Journal of Animal Science","issn_l":"0008-3984","issn":["0008-3984","1918-1825"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312929","host_organization_name":"Canadian Science Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312929"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Canadian Science Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Canadian Journal of Animal Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":1.0,"display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":105,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W52920483","https://openalex.org/W78904792","https://openalex.org/W97041566","https://openalex.org/W202029659","https://openalex.org/W235640370","https://openalex.org/W235715670","https://openalex.org/W259484929","https://openalex.org/W296725005","https://openalex.org/W310737718","https://openalex.org/W312652301","https://openalex.org/W344862307","https://openalex.org/W595083706","https://openalex.org/W617954321","https://openalex.org/W638823008","https://openalex.org/W1480503653","https://openalex.org/W1500272612","https://openalex.org/W1516623433","https://openalex.org/W1517819108","https://openalex.org/W1524516155","https://openalex.org/W1526827100","https://openalex.org/W1529986567","https://openalex.org/W1545730432","https://openalex.org/W1568170018","https://openalex.org/W1574590663","https://openalex.org/W1593089030","https://openalex.org/W1616075542","https://openalex.org/W1658317154","https://openalex.org/W1786683024","https://openalex.org/W1882102082","https://openalex.org/W1883738184","https://openalex.org/W1903654457","https://openalex.org/W1932066974","https://openalex.org/W1940095032","https://openalex.org/W1940694524","https://openalex.org/W1967286918","https://openalex.org/W1968476139","https://openalex.org/W1971352655","https://openalex.org/W1973509614","https://openalex.org/W1976062306","https://openalex.org/W1978185362","https://openalex.org/W1982194497","https://openalex.org/W1991041810","https://openalex.org/W1992041370","https://openalex.org/W1992197980","https://openalex.org/W1998034362","https://openalex.org/W2000121838","https://openalex.org/W2002630922","https://openalex.org/W2009703028","https://openalex.org/W2012069575","https://openalex.org/W2012070914","https://openalex.org/W2013505759","https://openalex.org/W2023874669","https://openalex.org/W2032385681","https://openalex.org/W2032760886","https://openalex.org/W2036430862","https://openalex.org/W2039823226","https://openalex.org/W2045208105","https://openalex.org/W2046038156","https://openalex.org/W2047640590","https://openalex.org/W2049027114","https://openalex.org/W2060751440","https://openalex.org/W2065769798","https://openalex.org/W2071659712","https://openalex.org/W2073837145","https://openalex.org/W2074598849","https://openalex.org/W2083213208","https://openalex.org/W2083910879","https://openalex.org/W2084468847","https://openalex.org/W2086676009","https://openalex.org/W2087771853","https://openalex.org/W2099694437","https://openalex.org/W2101516080","https://openalex.org/W2103396337","https://openalex.org/W2104760206","https://openalex.org/W2114981065","https://openalex.org/W2120544160","https://openalex.org/W2123752906","https://openalex.org/W2127439908","https://openalex.org/W2127701873","https://openalex.org/W2129410171","https://openalex.org/W2146879043","https://openalex.org/W2153142434","https://openalex.org/W2153977068","https://openalex.org/W2156864236","https://openalex.org/W2159510708","https://openalex.org/W2161009486","https://openalex.org/W2163749816","https://openalex.org/W2166421314","https://openalex.org/W2166657925","https://openalex.org/W2169011344","https://openalex.org/W2171857016","https://openalex.org/W2238745886","https://openalex.org/W2283474902","https://openalex.org/W2312196361","https://openalex.org/W2314425991","https://openalex.org/W2324143869","https://openalex.org/W2331497733","https://openalex.org/W2411767893","https://openalex.org/W2471022439","https://openalex.org/W2481226839","https://openalex.org/W2897136117","https://openalex.org/W2900165402","https://openalex.org/W2901024304","https://openalex.org/W3033639629","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7002589117","https://openalex.org/W1501331063","https://openalex.org/W603225098","https://openalex.org/W52920483","https://openalex.org/W2353744475","https://openalex.org/W2366224622","https://openalex.org/W1984198819","https://openalex.org/W20606058","https://openalex.org/W4411503666","https://openalex.org/W2096937928"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"During":[0],"the":[1,11,15,46,103,140,160,187,267],"past":[2],"two":[3],"decades":[4],"endogenous":[5,84,99],"gut":[6,114],"N":[7,35,49,85,100],"losses":[8,190,215],"(ENL)":[9],"at":[10],"distal":[12],"ileum":[13],"in":[14,22,53,162,262],"growing":[16,54,280],"pig":[17],"have":[18],"received":[19],"considerable":[20],"attention":[21],"swine":[23],"nutrition":[24],"research.":[25],"Estimates":[26],"of":[27,48,83,97,113,128,168,213,234,254],"ENL":[28,92,106,131,161,189,214,243,259,272],"are":[29,87,107,155,191,203,260,273],"important":[30],"for":[31,41],"determining":[32],"true":[33],"ileal":[34],"and":[36,40,50,73,89,124,174,194,200,208,219,238,244,248,252],"amino":[37,125],"acid":[38,126],"digestibilities":[39],"identifying":[42],"means":[43],"to":[44,81,120,158,257],"improve":[45],"efficiency":[47],"energy":[51,123],"utilization":[52],"pigs.":[55,129],"Endogenous":[56,277],"secretions":[57,86],"originate":[58],"from":[59],"various":[60],"sources":[61],"including":[62],"saliva,":[63],"pancreatic":[64],"secretions,":[65],"bile,":[66],"sloughed":[67],"off":[68],"epithelial":[69],"cells,":[70],"serum":[71],"albumin":[72],"mucin.":[74],"It":[75],"has":[76,171],"been":[77],"estimated":[78],"that":[79,186,201,241],"70":[80],"80%":[82],"digested":[88],"re-absorbed.":[90],"Therefore,":[91],"represents":[93],"only":[94],"a":[95],"fraction":[96],"total":[98],"secreted":[101],"into":[102],"gut.":[104],"Increased":[105],"likely":[108],"associated":[109,270],"with":[110,181,271],"elevated":[111],"rates":[112],"protein":[115],"synthesis.":[116],"This":[117],"is":[118],"bound":[119],"increase":[121],"maintenance":[122],"requirements":[127],"Traditionally,":[130],"were":[132],"determined":[133],"by":[134,139,206],"feeding":[135],"protein-free":[136],"diets":[137],"or":[138],"regression":[141],"method.":[142],"Various":[143],"alternative":[144,183],"techniques":[145,170,184,285],"(15N-isotope":[146],"dilution":[147],"technique,":[148,150],"homoarginine":[149],"enzymatically":[151],"hydrolysed":[152],"casein":[153],"method)":[154],"now":[156],"available":[157],"estimate":[159],"pigs":[163],"fed":[164],"protein-containing":[165],"diets.":[166],"Each":[167],"these":[169,182],"some":[172],"limitations":[173],"all":[175],"require":[176],"different":[177],"assumptions.":[178],"Results":[179],"obtained":[180],"indicate":[185],"net":[188],"much":[192],"higher":[193],"more":[195],"variable":[196],"than":[197],"previously":[198],"estimated,":[199],"they":[202],"affected":[204],"both":[205],"animal":[207],"dietary":[209],"factors.":[210],"Recent":[211],"estimates":[212],"vary":[216],"between":[217],"1.8":[218],"8.3":[220],"g":[221],"kg\u22121":[222],"dry":[223],"matter":[224],"intake.":[225],"The":[226],"main":[227],"factors":[228],"(feed":[229],"intake,":[230],"body":[231],"weight,":[232],"content":[233],"anti-nutritional":[235],"factors,":[236],"fibres":[237],"[digestible]":[239],"protein)":[240],"affect":[242],"approaches":[245],"(plant":[246],"breeding":[247],"selection,":[249],"ingredient":[250],"processing":[251],"use":[253],"exogenous":[255],"enzymes)":[256],"reduce":[258],"discussed":[261],"this":[263],"review.":[264],"In":[265],"addition,":[266],"metabolic":[268,282],"costs":[269],"estimated.":[274],"Key":[275],"words:":[276],"nitrogen":[278],"losses,":[279],"pigs,":[281],"cost,":[283],"measuring":[284]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
