{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2006924846","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.73.4.665","title":"Validity generalization and situational specificity: A second look at the 75% rule and Fisher's z transformation.","display_name":"Validity generalization and situational specificity: A second look at the 75% rule and Fisher's z transformation.","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2006924846","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.73.4.665","mag":"2006924846"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037//0021-9010.73.4.665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.73.4.665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.73.4.665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166002381","display_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","issn_l":"0021-9010","issn":["0021-9010","1939-1854"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103547969","display_name":"Frank L. Schmidt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank L. Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["U Iowa, Coll of Business Administration, Iowa City, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U Iowa, Coll of Business Administration, Iowa City, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102725948","display_name":"John E. Hunter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9693-2878","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9693-2878"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John E. Hunter","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109127773","display_name":"Nambury S. Raju","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nambury S. Raju","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.1494,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":74,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97946887,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"4","first_page":"665","last_page":"672"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9307000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9307000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.01899999938905239,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13309","display_name":"Reliability and Agreement in Measurement","score":0.007000000216066837,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/validity-generalization","display_name":"validity generalization","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fisher-s-z-transformation","display_name":"Fisher's z-transformation","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-power","display_name":"statistical power","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidence-intervals","display_name":"confidence intervals","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artifact-removal","display_name":"artifact removal","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meta-analysis","display_name":"meta-analysis","score":0.5189999938011169}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.731934666633606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7149612307548523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.5703974962234497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9114305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428317","display_name":"Situational ethics","level":2,"score":0.5087466835975647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.410117506980896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3419332802295685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18862545490264893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037//0021-9010.73.4.665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.73.4.665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.73.4.665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166002381","display_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","issn_l":"0021-9010","issn":["0021-9010","1939-1854"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037/0021-9010.73.4.665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.73.4.665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.73.4.665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166002381","display_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","issn_l":"0021-9010","issn":["0021-9010","1939-1854"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480038094","https://openalex.org/W1970020947","https://openalex.org/W1970336656","https://openalex.org/W1975686465","https://openalex.org/W1991258965","https://openalex.org/W1996671157","https://openalex.org/W2010337660","https://openalex.org/W2019231295","https://openalex.org/W2032460926","https://openalex.org/W2035479034","https://openalex.org/W2043466393","https://openalex.org/W2052438523","https://openalex.org/W2066610031","https://openalex.org/W2091078027","https://openalex.org/W2091509804","https://openalex.org/W2095437913","https://openalex.org/W3044681081","https://openalex.org/W4237501468","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991258965","https://openalex.org/W2066610031","https://openalex.org/W4242394319","https://openalex.org/W2161817511","https://openalex.org/W1972910674","https://openalex.org/W2511440871","https://openalex.org/W7045137501","https://openalex.org/W1984546146","https://openalex.org/W2029852957","https://openalex.org/W1970336656"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,91,207,251],"this":[1],"article":[2,22,228],"we":[3,212,256,268],"analyzed":[4],"the":[5,18,28,39,42,45,51,55,70,87,99,119,146,149,153,174,177,215,233,252,284,291],"James,":[6,234],"Demaree,":[7,235],"and":[8,61,66,75,81,152,167,172,187,203,221,236,244,248],"Mulaik":[9],"(1986)":[10,238],"critique":[11,97,239],"of":[12,31,41,72,98,123,137,176,181,200,209,232,240,254,263,275,290],"validity":[13,32,79,140,184,241],"generalization.":[14],"We":[15],"demonstrated":[16],"that":[17,54,126,159,214,267],"James":[19,94,216,264],"et":[20,95,217,265],"al.":[21,218,266],"(a)":[23],"is":[24,59,102,133,162,229],"not":[25,111],"relevant":[26],"to":[27,113,270,283,286],"real-world":[29],"use":[30,122,175],"generalization":[33,80,185,242],"in":[34,78,139,148,165,183,198,273,288],"organizations,":[35],"(b)":[36],"has":[37,68,82,168],"overlooked":[38],"bulk":[40],"evidence":[43],"against":[44],"situational":[46,56],"specificity":[47,57],"hypothesis":[48,58,73],"and,":[49,107],"therefore,":[50],"substantive":[52,219],"conclusion":[53],"alive":[60],"well":[62],"cannot":[63],"be":[64,271],"supported,":[65],"(c)":[67],"confused":[69],"processes":[71],"testing":[74],"parameter":[76],"estimation":[77],"made":[83],"incorrect":[84],"statements":[85],"about":[86],"assumptions":[88],"underlying":[89],"both.":[90],"addition,":[92],"(d)":[93],"al.'s":[96],"75%":[100],"rule":[101],"a":[103,246],"statistical":[104,115],"power":[105,116],"argument":[106],"as":[108,142],"such,":[109],"does":[110],"add":[112],"earlier":[114],"studies;":[117],"(e)":[118],"procedures":[120],"for":[121,157],"confidence":[124],"intervals":[125],"they":[127,143,160,191],"advocate":[128],"are":[129,224,281],"erroneous;":[130],"(f)":[131],"there":[132],"no":[134,169,205],"double":[135],"correction":[136],"artifacts":[138],"generalization,":[141],"contend;":[144],"(g)":[145],"bias":[147,197],"correlation":[150],"(r)":[151],"sampling":[154],"error":[155],"formula":[156],"r":[158,182],"discuss":[161],"well-known,":[163],"trivial":[164],"magnitude,":[166],"empirical":[170],"significance;":[171],"(h)":[173],"Fisher's":[178],"z":[179],"transformation":[180],"studies":[186],"other":[188],"meta-analyses":[189],"(which":[190],"advocate)":[192],"creates":[193],"an":[194,230],"unnecessary":[195],"inflationary":[196],"estimates":[199],"true":[201],"validities":[202],"provides":[204],"benefits.":[206],"light":[208,289],"these":[210],"facts,":[211],"conclude":[213],"conclusions":[220],"methodological":[222],"recommendations":[223],"seriously":[225],"flawed.":[226],"This":[227],"analysis":[231,292],"Muliak":[237],"methods":[243],"conclusions,":[245],"long":[247],"detailed":[249],"article.":[250],"interests":[253],"brevity,":[255],"will":[257],"focus":[258],"only":[259],"on":[260],"those":[261],"portions":[262],"judge":[269],"most":[272],"need":[274],"critical":[276],"evaluation.":[277],"Their":[278],"remaining":[279],"arguments":[280],"left":[282],"reader":[285],"evaluate":[287],"presented":[293],"here.":[294]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
