{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2006867740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/269355","title":"Estimating the Effect of Incentives on Mail Survey Response Rates: A Meta-Analysis","display_name":"Estimating the Effect of Incentives on Mail Survey Response Rates: A Meta-Analysis","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2006867740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/269355","mag":"2006867740"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/269355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/269355","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/269355","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S135539873","display_name":"Public Opinion Quarterly","issn_l":"0033-362X","issn":["0033-362X","1537-5331"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Public Opinion Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011300297","display_name":"Allan H. Church","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0913-1758","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0913-1758"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Allan H. Church","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011300297"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"apc_list":{"value":3969,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3969},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.7997,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":705,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99336056,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"1","first_page":"62","last_page":"62"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11539","display_name":"Survey Methodology and Nonresponse","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11539","display_name":"Survey Methodology and Nonresponse","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13030","display_name":"Survey Sampling and Estimation Techniques","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13546","display_name":"Census and Population Estimation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mail-survey-response-rates","display_name":"mail survey response rates","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survey-incentives","display_name":"survey incentives","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monetary-rewards","display_name":"monetary rewards","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contingent-reward","display_name":"contingent reward","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survey-nonresponse","display_name":"survey nonresponse","score":0.6320000290870667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.7896547317504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.7019400000572205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4915984570980072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.38351231813430786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.37212812900543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.35956090688705444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.26435500383377075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.18996387720108032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15513333678245544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.12302657961845398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.07634192705154419}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/269355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/269355","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/269355","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S135539873","display_name":"Public Opinion Quarterly","issn_l":"0033-362X","issn":["0033-362X","1537-5331"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Public Opinion Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"},{"display_name":"Meta-Analysis","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W257966575","https://openalex.org/W1484864026","https://openalex.org/W1511920456","https://openalex.org/W1562811233","https://openalex.org/W1973294645","https://openalex.org/W1982152250","https://openalex.org/W1998279972","https://openalex.org/W1999649023","https://openalex.org/W2004009637","https://openalex.org/W2010692007","https://openalex.org/W2024210662","https://openalex.org/W2043341286","https://openalex.org/W2054959964","https://openalex.org/W2060267793","https://openalex.org/W2065245268","https://openalex.org/W2083760644","https://openalex.org/W2085189387","https://openalex.org/W2092785465","https://openalex.org/W2105885513","https://openalex.org/W2107031757","https://openalex.org/W2119983086","https://openalex.org/W2125272611","https://openalex.org/W2159987121","https://openalex.org/W2163672738","https://openalex.org/W2167658816","https://openalex.org/W2172290844","https://openalex.org/W2314816041","https://openalex.org/W2315087574","https://openalex.org/W2316191664","https://openalex.org/W2316765913","https://openalex.org/W2324814459","https://openalex.org/W2325302865","https://openalex.org/W2326342926","https://openalex.org/W2330768721","https://openalex.org/W2331402388","https://openalex.org/W2332855733","https://openalex.org/W3125572195"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098381850","https://openalex.org/W7095524635","https://openalex.org/W2186398523","https://openalex.org/W2166322041","https://openalex.org/W7096841590","https://openalex.org/W2160149484","https://openalex.org/W2121002617","https://openalex.org/W7096977407","https://openalex.org/W2123040060","https://openalex.org/W2159987121"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"reports":[2],"the":[3,54,68,71,87,116,168,171],"results":[4],"of":[5,8,18,30,39,42,70,79,123,144,157,170],"a":[6],"meta-analysis":[7],"38":[9],"experimental":[10],"and":[11,58,113,149],"quasi-experimental":[12],"studies":[13],"that":[14,108],"implemented":[15],"some":[16],"form":[17],"mail":[19],"survey":[20,56],"incentive":[21,43,103,162],"in":[22,115,135],"order":[23],"to":[24,94],"increase":[25,134],"response":[26,136],"rates.":[27],"A":[28],"total":[29],"74":[31,88],"observations":[32,89],"or":[33,49,62],"cases":[34],"were":[35,74],"classified":[36],"into":[37],"one":[38],"four":[40],"types":[41,143,163],"groups:":[44],"those":[45,59,106,161],"using":[46,60,76],"prepaid":[47],"monetary":[48,61,112],"nonmonetary":[50,63],"rewards":[51,64,110,165],"included":[52,109],"with":[53],"initial":[55,117],"mailing":[57,118],"as":[65,92],"conditional":[66],"upon":[67,167],"return":[69,169],"survey.":[72,172],"Results":[73],"generated":[75],"an":[77],"analysis":[78],"variance":[80],"approach.":[81],"The":[82,132],"overall":[83],"effect":[84,124],"size":[85,125],"across":[86,102],"was":[90,146,154],"reported":[91],"low":[93],"moderate":[95],"at":[96],"d":[97,129],"=":[98,127,130],".241.":[99],"When":[100],"compared":[101],"types,":[104],"only":[105],"surveys":[107],"(both":[111],"nonmonetary)":[114],"yielded":[119],"statistically":[120],"significant":[121],"estimates":[122],"(d":[126],".347,":[128],".136).":[131],"average":[133],"rates":[137],"over":[138],"control":[139],"conditions":[140],"for":[141,160],"these":[142],"incentives":[145],"19.1":[147],"percent":[148],"7.9":[150],"percent,":[151],"respectively.":[152],"There":[153],"no":[155],"evidence":[156],"any":[158],"impact":[159],"offering":[164],"contingent":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":37}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}