{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2006339458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-3682(94)90035-3","title":"Overcoming barriers: Early African-American certified public accountants","display_name":"Overcoming barriers: Early African-American certified public accountants","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2006339458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-3682(94)90035-3","mag":"2006339458"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0361-3682(94)90035-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-3682(94)90035-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-3682(94)90035-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198892436","display_name":"Accounting Organizations and Society","issn_l":"0361-3682","issn":["0361-3682","1873-6289"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Accounting, Organizations and Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035359195","display_name":"Theresa A. Hammond","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7515-9038","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7515-9038"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51504820","display_name":"San Jose State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qyvz380","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theresa Hammond","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Jos\u00e9 State University, USA","San Jose State University   USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Jos\u00e9 State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Jose State University   USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063441250","display_name":"Denise W. Streeter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3267-1397","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3267-1397"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114587","display_name":"National 4-H Council","ror":"https://ror.org/01y8j7579","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114587"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denise W. Streeter","raw_affiliation_strings":["National 4-H Council, Chevy Chase, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National 4-H Council, Chevy Chase, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114587"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4040,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4040},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.8657,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":140,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96040658,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"3","first_page":"271","last_page":"288"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.7598000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.7598000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.08860000222921371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12378","display_name":"Accounting Education and Careers","score":0.06350000202655792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/certified-public-accountants","display_name":"certified public accountants","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audit-firms","display_name":"public accounting firms","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-exclusion","display_name":"racial exclusion","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racism","display_name":"racism","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equality-of-opportunity","display_name":"equal opportunities","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting-history","display_name":"history of accounting","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-history","display_name":"hidden history","score":0.4620000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139838865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461","display_name":"Racism","level":2,"score":0.680850625038147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46304622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374814","display_name":"Certification","level":2,"score":0.6803045272827148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987028688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49085","display_name":"African american","level":2,"score":0.5833408236503601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4714024066925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993691991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q326653","display_name":"Public accounting","level":3,"score":0.4514748156070709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.442155659198761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.34000736474990845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.33353543281555176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3213874101638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.17296192049980164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2549261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455","display_name":"Ethnology","level":1,"score":0.11645558476448059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.11074736714363098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.08254122734069824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0361-3682(94)90035-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-3682(94)90035-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-3682(94)90035-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198892436","display_name":"Accounting Organizations and Society","issn_l":"0361-3682","issn":["0361-3682","1873-6289"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Accounting, Organizations and Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eee:aosoci:v:19:y:1994:i:3:p:271-288","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0361-3682(94)90035-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9629999995231628,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W612858973","https://openalex.org/W641735254","https://openalex.org/W1501053403","https://openalex.org/W1516518760","https://openalex.org/W1522270951","https://openalex.org/W1533734379","https://openalex.org/W1553018322","https://openalex.org/W1571375908","https://openalex.org/W1963914170","https://openalex.org/W1964754917","https://openalex.org/W1965602879","https://openalex.org/W1966520173","https://openalex.org/W1967782086","https://openalex.org/W1971646493","https://openalex.org/W1974703106","https://openalex.org/W1974989822","https://openalex.org/W1978855272","https://openalex.org/W1980100108","https://openalex.org/W1992566543","https://openalex.org/W1993282819","https://openalex.org/W1993418579","https://openalex.org/W1993501140","https://openalex.org/W1999992724","https://openalex.org/W2008225399","https://openalex.org/W2016053499","https://openalex.org/W2032432424","https://openalex.org/W2035912916","https://openalex.org/W2038297959","https://openalex.org/W2039287218","https://openalex.org/W2048312265","https://openalex.org/W2062914723","https://openalex.org/W2068081262","https://openalex.org/W2068171222","https://openalex.org/W2068969823","https://openalex.org/W2069405795","https://openalex.org/W2077348367","https://openalex.org/W2084994483","https://openalex.org/W2109067744","https://openalex.org/W2124990143","https://openalex.org/W2138941732","https://openalex.org/W2165021253","https://openalex.org/W2312538579","https://openalex.org/W2314284653","https://openalex.org/W2319159374","https://openalex.org/W2323021159","https://openalex.org/W2323367204","https://openalex.org/W2326950875","https://openalex.org/W2327968532","https://openalex.org/W2331984088","https://openalex.org/W2333122352","https://openalex.org/W2333453977","https://openalex.org/W2334027924","https://openalex.org/W2489614009","https://openalex.org/W2795506236","https://openalex.org/W2795866679","https://openalex.org/W2798036522","https://openalex.org/W2993107297","https://openalex.org/W4206354249","https://openalex.org/W4229550812","https://openalex.org/W4244574497","https://openalex.org/W4245073419","https://openalex.org/W6604022132","https://openalex.org/W6645132432","https://openalex.org/W6864808598","https://openalex.org/W6989653496"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051616645","https://openalex.org/W2095694505","https://openalex.org/W2735503650","https://openalex.org/W2174622995","https://openalex.org/W2991735275","https://openalex.org/W7009813961","https://openalex.org/W2241765683","https://openalex.org/W3161607468","https://openalex.org/W4286284489","https://openalex.org/W2639050720"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}