{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2006334978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002251","title":"Natural Language Processing","display_name":"Natural Language Processing","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2006334978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002251","mag":"2006334978"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210236364","display_name":"Annual Review of Computer Science","issn_l":"2328-2118","issn":["2328-2118","8756-7016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011618765","display_name":"Ralph Weischedel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283103587","display_name":"AT&T (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02bbd5539","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R Weischedel","raw_affiliation_strings":["AT&T Bell Labs.,Murray Hill, NJ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AT&T Bell Labs.,Murray Hill, NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112290033","display_name":"J Carbonell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J Carbonell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Boston, MA;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Boston, MA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015737731","display_name":"Barbara J. Grosz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3031-5591","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3031-5591"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B Grosz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Boston, MA;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Boston, MA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109008597","display_name":"W. Lehnert","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W Lehnert","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111565465","display_name":"Mitchell P. Marcus","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M Marcus","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001698183","display_name":"Raymond Perrault","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R Perrault","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Boston, MA;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Boston, MA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"R Wilensky","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R Wilensky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Boston, MA;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Boston, MA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3566,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66003173,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"435","last_page":"452"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"natural language processing","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-representation","display_name":"knowledge representation","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reasoning","display_name":"reasoning","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planning","display_name":"planning","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-integration","display_name":"knowledge integration","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-processing","display_name":"speech processing","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-analysis","display_name":"linguistic analysis","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpreting","display_name":"interpreting","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-generation","display_name":"language generation","score":0.6769999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5320822596549988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5301331877708435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3791796863079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.32175981998443604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.20660549402236938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.12043517827987671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.08704575896263123}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.04.060190.002251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210236364","display_name":"Annual Review of Computer Science","issn_l":"2328-2118","issn":["2328-2118","8756-7016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1525482321","https://openalex.org/W2035032881","https://openalex.org/W2045738181"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1663984431","https://openalex.org/W4206717790","https://openalex.org/W7160611495","https://openalex.org/W4381199741","https://openalex.org/W4367720973","https://openalex.org/W6924813695","https://openalex.org/W4385730106","https://openalex.org/W7133360031","https://openalex.org/W3094732332","https://openalex.org/W4206792361"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"From":[0],"the":[1,6,13,21,28,57,80],"Publisher:\r\nThese":[2],"ten":[3],"contributions":[4],"describe":[5],"major":[7],"technical":[8],"ideas":[9],"underlying":[10],"many":[11],"of":[12,40,60,82],"significant":[14],"advances":[15],"in":[16,25,30,86],"natural":[17,61],"language":[18,62,74,89],"processing":[19],"over":[20],"last":[22],"decade,":[23],"focusing":[24],"particular":[26],"on":[27],"challenges":[29],"areas":[31],"such":[32,78],"as":[33,79],"knowledge":[34,42],"representation,":[35],"reasoning,":[36],"planning,":[37],"and":[38,46,76,88],"integration":[39],"multiple":[41],"sources,":[43],"where":[44],"NLP":[45],"AI":[47],"research":[48,75],"intersect.":[49],"Included":[50],"are":[51,91],"chapters":[52],"that":[53],"deal":[54],"with":[55],"all":[56],"main":[58],"aspects":[59],"processing,":[63,90],"from":[64],"analysis":[65],"to":[66,68],"interpretation":[67],"generation.":[69],"Fruitful":[70],"new":[71],"relations":[72],"between":[73],"AI,":[77],"use":[81],"statistical":[83],"decision":[84],"techniques":[85],"speech":[87],"also":[92],"discussed.":[93]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}