{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2006065218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2012.2230056","title":"Modeling the Cost and Minimum Sustainable Price of Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Manufacturing in the United States","display_name":"Modeling the Cost and Minimum Sustainable Price of Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Manufacturing in the United States","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2006065218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2012.2230056","mag":"2006065218"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jphotov.2012.2230056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2012.2230056","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2012.2230056","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137728576","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","issn_l":"2156-3381","issn":["2156-3381","2156-3403"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110019756","display_name":"Douglas Michael Powell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Douglas M. Powell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103431686","display_name":"Mark T. Winkler","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark T. Winkler","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089730516","display_name":"Alan C. Goodrich","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Laboratory of the Rockies","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Goodrich","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085344547","display_name":"Tonio Buonassisi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8345-4937","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8345-4937"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tonio Buonassisi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.0363,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":95,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98240185,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"2","first_page":"662","last_page":"668"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10624","display_name":"Silicon and Solar Cell Technologies","score":0.5708000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10624","display_name":"Silicon and Solar Cell Technologies","score":0.5708000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12838","display_name":"Photovoltaic Systems and Sustainability","score":0.4065000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12309","display_name":"solar cell performance optimization","score":0.00559999980032444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crystalline-silicon-photovoltaics","display_name":"crystalline silicon photovoltaics","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polycrystalline-silicon","display_name":"polycrystalline silicon","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wafer-fabrication","display_name":"wafer fabrication","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-cell-fabrication","display_name":"solar cell fabrication","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-reduction","display_name":"cost reduction","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity-analysis","display_name":"sensitivity analysis","score":0.5950000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.6042894721031189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779667780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18206302","display_name":"Crystalline silicon","level":3,"score":0.5962276458740234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5747407078742981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778820799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454688","display_name":"Cost reduction","level":2,"score":0.5397615432739258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160671074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267131","display_name":"Wafer","level":2,"score":0.5170477032661438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.4778582453727722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.47186750173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.471405029296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544956773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670","display_name":"Silicon","level":2,"score":0.4683710038661957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44083172082901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778337023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6753108","display_name":"Manufacturing cost","level":2,"score":0.42531058192253113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117671659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","level":1,"score":0.3837035596370697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.37810268998146057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61696701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766","display_name":"Engineering physics","level":1,"score":0.32400915026664734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.23671966791152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.21544581651687622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.1873795986175537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.1404130458831787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1100839376449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.1015508770942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jphotov.2012.2230056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2012.2230056","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2012.2230056","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137728576","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","issn_l":"2156-3381","issn":["2156-3381","2156-3403"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8485000133514404,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.7207000255584717,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335039","display_name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","ror":"https://ror.org/05pwfyy15"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W295443030","https://openalex.org/W642723403","https://openalex.org/W1534285563","https://openalex.org/W1578965493","https://openalex.org/W2032776224","https://openalex.org/W2040515436","https://openalex.org/W2070603801","https://openalex.org/W2118783923","https://openalex.org/W2130371600","https://openalex.org/W2144215753","https://openalex.org/W3120295940","https://openalex.org/W3176073585","https://openalex.org/W3178115319","https://openalex.org/W3210932445","https://openalex.org/W4383552169"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2070603801","https://openalex.org/W2916391456","https://openalex.org/W2163909858","https://openalex.org/W2118783923","https://openalex.org/W2108443999","https://openalex.org/W2120424889","https://openalex.org/W40512236","https://openalex.org/W35108469","https://openalex.org/W2039771103","https://openalex.org/W2017790109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,22,58],"extend":[1],"our":[2],"cost":[3,25,102],"model":[4],"to":[5,65,81],"assess":[6],"minimum":[7],"sustainable":[8,119],"prices":[9,115],"of":[10,29,38,56,62,70],"crystalline":[11],"silicon":[12,32],"wafer,":[13],"cell,":[14],"and":[15,26,34,76,105],"module":[16,73,114],"manufacturing":[17,98],"in":[18,116],"the":[19,24,36,43,60,67,88],"United":[20],"States.":[21],"investigate":[23],"price":[27,74],"structures":[28],"current":[30],"multicrystalline":[31],"technology":[33],"consider":[35],"introduction":[37],"line-of-sight":[39],"innovations":[40],"currently":[41,51],"on":[42,91],"industry":[44],"roadmap,":[45],"as":[46,48],"well":[47],"advanced":[49,96],"technologies":[50],"at":[52],"an":[53],"earlier":[54],"stage":[55],"development.":[57],"benchmark":[59],"capability":[61],"these":[63],"concepts":[64,99],"reach":[66],"U.S.":[68],"Department":[69],"Energy":[71],"SunShot":[72],"target":[75],"perform":[77],"a":[78,117],"sensitivity":[79],"analysis":[80],"determine":[82],"high-impact":[83],"research":[84],"domains":[85],"that":[86,110],"have":[87],"greatest":[89],"impact":[90],"price.":[92],"This":[93],"exercise":[94],"highlights":[95],"c-Si":[97],"with":[100],"significant":[101],"reduction":[103],"potential":[104],"provides":[106],"insight":[107],"into":[108],"strategies":[109],"could":[111],"greatly":[112],"reduce":[113],"financially":[118],"manner.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}