{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005999838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223989809599157","title":"Validating an American Scale in Hong Kong: The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)","display_name":"Validating an American Scale in Hong Kong: The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005999838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223989809599157","mag":"2005999838","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9529665"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/00223989809599157","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223989809599157","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223989809599157","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49549746","display_name":"The Journal of Psychology","issn_l":"0022-3980","issn":["0022-3980","1940-1019"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","erih-plus","fnege-4","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068425080","display_name":"Chau\u2010kiu Cheung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3278-1633","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3278-1633"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chau-Kiu Cheung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Social Studies, City University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Social Studies, City University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012086142","display_name":"Christopher Bagley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5955-4089","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5955-4089"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Bagley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Social Work Studies, University of Southampton","University of Southampton"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social Work Studies, University of Southampton","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.497,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":271,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95745888,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"132","issue":"2","first_page":"169","last_page":"186"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.8363999724388123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.8363999724388123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10853","display_name":"Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes","score":0.149399995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12848","display_name":"Psychological Testing and Assessment","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/center-for-epidemiologic-studies-depression-scale","display_name":"Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ces-d","display_name":"CES-D","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-validation","display_name":"scale validation","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct-validity","display_name":"construct validity","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depressive-symptoms","display_name":"depressive symptoms","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpersonal-problems","display_name":"interpersonal problems","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/married-couples","display_name":"married couples","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-satisfaction","display_name":"life satisfaction","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stressful-life-events","display_name":"life events","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hong-kong-chinese","display_name":"Hong Kong Chinese","score":0.7670000195503235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7741453051567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193525677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7048651","display_name":"Nomological network","level":3,"score":0.7245997190475464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120107772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168554","display_name":"Discriminant validity","level":4,"score":0.6898415088653564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.6161841154098511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121244757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783487","display_name":"Convergent validity","level":4,"score":0.613688588142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49453240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1592163","display_name":"Construct validity","level":3,"score":0.567220151424408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778564845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18207666","display_name":"Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale","level":4,"score":0.5276504755020142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40722632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5160137","display_name":"Confirmatory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.5186114311218262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116211729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5372350","display_name":"Test validity","level":3,"score":0.4888398051261902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.48555633425712585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776867660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941","display_name":"Depression (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4658312201499939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.44116532802581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.4169255495071411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1589151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804207","display_name":"Measurement invariance","level":4,"score":0.4155963361263275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182050348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5186576","display_name":"Criterion validity","level":4,"score":0.4144958555698395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780945536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117179","display_name":"Life satisfaction","level":2,"score":0.4134630560874939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2097945511341095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.20013567805290222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019858935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4340209","display_name":"Depressive symptoms","level":3,"score":0.1783590316772461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.1651420295238495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.12332302331924438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.11658227443695068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.09859007596969604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.07621267437934875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018868096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2693233","display_name":"Internal consistency","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003431","descriptor_name":"Cross-Cultural Comparison","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003863","descriptor_name":"Depression","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003863","descriptor_name":"Depression","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005069","descriptor_name":"Evaluation Studies as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005163","descriptor_name":"Factor Analysis, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006306","descriptor_name":"Health Surveys","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006723","descriptor_name":"Hong Kong","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008016","descriptor_name":"Life Change Events","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011569","descriptor_name":"Psychiatric Status Rating Scales","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011594","descriptor_name":"Psychometrics","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012928","descriptor_name":"Social Desirability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014175","descriptor_name":"Translating","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016009","descriptor_name":"Chi-Square Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016013","descriptor_name":"Likelihood Functions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018454","descriptor_name":"Spouses","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/00223989809599157","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223989809599157","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223989809599157","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49549746","display_name":"The Journal of Psychology","issn_l":"0022-3980","issn":["0022-3980","1940-1019"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","erih-plus","fnege-4","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9529665","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9529665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of psychology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:33710","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/33710/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8048999905586243,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6899999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W185188569","https://openalex.org/W1571998446","https://openalex.org/W1800061554","https://openalex.org/W1965671018","https://openalex.org/W1966603703","https://openalex.org/W1976321461","https://openalex.org/W1977123863","https://openalex.org/W1986114851","https://openalex.org/W1989661566","https://openalex.org/W1990296940","https://openalex.org/W1993805918","https://openalex.org/W1994263489","https://openalex.org/W1995271502","https://openalex.org/W1995603291","https://openalex.org/W1996658102","https://openalex.org/W1999049021","https://openalex.org/W2002015056","https://openalex.org/W2004135211","https://openalex.org/W2006058693","https://openalex.org/W2008588424","https://openalex.org/W2010077215","https://openalex.org/W2010790074","https://openalex.org/W2012180132","https://openalex.org/W2018201949","https://openalex.org/W2019589600","https://openalex.org/W2025483120","https://openalex.org/W2029423164","https://openalex.org/W2031802938","https://openalex.org/W2037059875","https://openalex.org/W2041602752","https://openalex.org/W2044207807","https://openalex.org/W2046374404","https://openalex.org/W2049418419","https://openalex.org/W2052373737","https://openalex.org/W2052811656","https://openalex.org/W2054990837","https://openalex.org/W2058797269","https://openalex.org/W2058924021","https://openalex.org/W2064228468","https://openalex.org/W2073935929","https://openalex.org/W2076666184","https://openalex.org/W2078163174","https://openalex.org/W2083205008","https://openalex.org/W2109422448","https://openalex.org/W2112778345","https://openalex.org/W2114642823","https://openalex.org/W2123207663","https://openalex.org/W2128205823","https://openalex.org/W2131663864","https://openalex.org/W2149754632","https://openalex.org/W2164942343","https://openalex.org/W2300204381","https://openalex.org/W2327866474","https://openalex.org/W2331853753","https://openalex.org/W2331919567","https://openalex.org/W2333589922","https://openalex.org/W2594645170","https://openalex.org/W2903401782","https://openalex.org/W2917388694","https://openalex.org/W2937098395","https://openalex.org/W2949392115","https://openalex.org/W2954872382","https://openalex.org/W3126534958","https://openalex.org/W3137723973","https://openalex.org/W4231937661","https://openalex.org/W4245476330","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1668227175","https://openalex.org/W2412522797","https://openalex.org/W7097238086","https://openalex.org/W2094856940","https://openalex.org/W3186605960","https://openalex.org/W7005345334","https://openalex.org/W1980910200","https://openalex.org/W1972443335","https://openalex.org/W2163045277","https://openalex.org/W2560477070"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,58],"construct":[1],"validity":[2,52,63],"of":[3,7,23,66,72],"a":[4,21],"Chinese-language":[5],"version":[6],"the":[8],"Center":[9],"for":[10],"Epidemiological":[11],"Studies":[12],"Depression":[13],"Scale":[14],"(CES-D;":[15],"Radloff,":[16],"1977)":[17],"was":[18],"tested":[19],"on":[20],"sample":[22],"138":[24],"Hong":[25],"Kong":[26],"Chinese":[27],"married":[28],"couples.":[29],"Confirmatory":[30],"factor":[31],"analysis":[32],"identified":[33],"2":[34],"factors:":[35],"(a)":[36],"depressive":[37],"symptom":[38],"factors":[39,46],"and":[40,50,75],"(b)":[41],"interpersonal":[42],"problem":[43],"factors.":[44],"Those":[45],"attained":[47],"convergent,":[48],"discriminant,":[49],"structural":[51],"when":[53],"evaluated":[54],"against":[55],"social":[56],"desirability.":[57],"CES-D":[59],"also":[60],"manifested":[61],"nomological":[62],"in":[64],"terms":[65],"its":[67],"significant":[68],"relationships":[69],"with":[70],"measures":[71],"life":[73,77],"satisfaction":[74],"stressful":[76],"events.":[78]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
