{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005990362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-3287(03)00160-5","title":"The post-normal science of precaution","display_name":"The post-normal science of precaution","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005990362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-3287(03)00160-5","mag":"2005990362"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0016-3287(03)00160-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-3287(03)00160-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-3287(03)00160-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130638383","display_name":"Futures","issn_l":"0016-3287","issn":["0016-3287","1873-6378"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Futures","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108740828","display_name":"Jerry R. Ravetz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jerry Ravetz","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Research Methods Consultancy Ltd., 106 Defoe House, Barbican, London EC2Y 8ND, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Research Methods Consultancy Ltd., 106 Defoe House, Barbican, London EC2Y 8ND, UK","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108740828"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2370,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2370},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.734,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":247,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97735227,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"3","first_page":"347","last_page":"357"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11573","display_name":"Risk Perception and Management","score":0.24660000205039978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11573","display_name":"Risk Perception and Management","score":0.24660000205039978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14185","display_name":"Research, Science, and Academia","score":0.1881999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13765","display_name":"Social Science and Policy Research","score":0.14059999585151672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-normal-science","display_name":"post-normal science","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precautionary-principle","display_name":"precautionary principle","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-legitimacy","display_name":"scientific legitimacy","score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-and-industry","display_name":"science and industry","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/values-in-research","display_name":"values in research","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-significance-tests","display_name":"statistical significance tests","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-making-under-uncertainty","display_name":"decision making under uncertainty","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-and-democracy","display_name":"science and democracy","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-debate","display_name":"public debate","score":0.6019999980926514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777617010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957","display_name":"Mainstream","level":2,"score":0.6800972819328308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46295352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207982","display_name":"Legitimacy","level":3,"score":0.6570516228675842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174878446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1210340","display_name":"Normal science","level":2,"score":0.6203435659408569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21016645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515255","display_name":"Precautionary principle","level":2,"score":0.5681926012039185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173366509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206829","display_name":"Reductionism","level":2,"score":0.4457536041736603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.43037551641464233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.42064934968948364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.38201087713241577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.36500388383865356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.31991952657699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.24698978662490845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.24260932207107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.14999845623970032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0016-3287(03)00160-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-3287(03)00160-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-3287(03)00160-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130638383","display_name":"Futures","issn_l":"0016-3287","issn":["0016-3287","1873-6378"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Futures","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1533967694","https://openalex.org/W1560387198","https://openalex.org/W2011348202","https://openalex.org/W2083658817","https://openalex.org/W2428309029","https://openalex.org/W2752714680","https://openalex.org/W2753533763","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W7016203430"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2803306103","https://openalex.org/W1974564128","https://openalex.org/W2150780893","https://openalex.org/W4387129283","https://openalex.org/W4411902675","https://openalex.org/W1516831850","https://openalex.org/W2772723348","https://openalex.org/W3193159660","https://openalex.org/W2364903623","https://openalex.org/W1984030904"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}