{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005982010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000060451.82578.3a","title":"The Effect of Clonidine on Gastrointestinal Side Effects Associated with Ultra-Rapid Opioid Detoxification","display_name":"The Effect of Clonidine on Gastrointestinal Side Effects Associated with Ultra-Rapid Opioid Detoxification","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005982010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000060451.82578.3a","mag":"2005982010","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12707143"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000060451.82578.3a","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000060451.82578.3a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000060451.82578.3a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104698359","display_name":"Anesthesia & Analgesia","issn_l":"0003-2999","issn":["0003-2999","1526-7598"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Anesthesia &amp; Analgesia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hong Ma","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282927834","display_name":"Cedars-Sinai Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02pammg90","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282927834"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802384151","display_name":"Centinela Hospital Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03nrgvp52","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802384151"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I867280407","display_name":"The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05byvp690","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hong Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["*Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Texas; Department of Anesthesiology, \u2020Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; and \u2021Centinela Hospital Medical Center, Los Angeles, California","Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Texas"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"*Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Texas; Department of Anesthesiology, \u2020Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; and \u2021Centinela Hospital Medical Center, Los Angeles, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282927834","https://openalex.org/I2802384151","https://openalex.org/I867280407"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Texas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083303292","display_name":"Jun Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6908-1027","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6908-1027"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I867280407","display_name":"The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05byvp690","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jun Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Texas"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Texas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034429046","display_name":"Paul F. White","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2275-819X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2275-819X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I867280407","display_name":"The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05byvp690","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paul F. White","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Texas"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Texas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110905968","display_name":"Ronald H. Wender","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald H. Wender","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077429967","display_name":"Thomas Leverone","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Leverone","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040769548","display_name":"Rayond Quon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rayond Quon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111632537","display_name":"Scott Pearce","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott Pearce","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084057188","display_name":"Franklin Chiao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franklin Chiao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066795116","display_name":"Susan Erice","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan Erice","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034429046","https://openalex.org/A5083303292"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282927834","https://openalex.org/I2802384151","https://openalex.org/I867280407"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3531,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81192283,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"96","issue":"5","first_page":"1409","last_page":"1412"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10576","display_name":"Opioid Use Disorder Treatment","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10576","display_name":"Opioid Use Disorder Treatment","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10189","display_name":"Anesthesia and Pain Management","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11199","display_name":"Pain Management and Opioid Use","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clonidine","display_name":"clonidine","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-withdrawal","display_name":"opioid withdrawal","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gastrointestinal-side-effects","display_name":"gastrointestinal adverse effects","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-antagonists","display_name":"opioid antagonists","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naloxone","display_name":"naloxone","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naltrexone","display_name":"naltrexone","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nalmefene","display_name":"nalmefene","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alpha-2-adrenergic-agonists","display_name":"alpha-2 adrenergic agonists","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-use-disorder","display_name":"opioid use disorder","score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propofol-anesthesia","display_name":"propofol anesthesia","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-anesthesia","display_name":"general anesthesia","score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-withdrawal-symptoms","display_name":"opioid withdrawal symptoms","score":0.4259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nausea-and-vomiting","display_name":"nausea and vomiting","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diarrhea","display_name":"diarrhea","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-relapse","display_name":"opioid relapse","score":0.37700000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-substitution-therapy","display_name":"opioid substitution therapy","score":0.3540000021457672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.935692548751831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778399450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412221","display_name":"Clonidine","level":2,"score":0.7977743148803711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780580376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186889","display_name":"Nausea","level":2,"score":0.6110053062438965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781063702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427523","display_name":"Opioid","level":3,"score":0.5863144397735596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.5575284361839294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780852908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127076","display_name":"Vomiting","level":2,"score":0.5564231276512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777972943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q409587","display_name":"Naltrexone","level":4,"score":0.5433623790740967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775962371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908096","display_name":"Opioid antagonist","level":5,"score":0.46634310483932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778750930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4540629","display_name":"(+)-Naloxone","level":4,"score":0.3106280267238617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.20703980326652527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000316","descriptor_name":"Adrenergic alpha-Agonists","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003000","descriptor_name":"Clonidine","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003967","descriptor_name":"Diarrhea","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003967","descriptor_name":"Diarrhea","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005767","descriptor_name":"Gastrointestinal Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005767","descriptor_name":"Gastrointestinal Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006993","descriptor_name":"Hypnotics and Sedatives","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009271","descriptor_name":"Naltrexone","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009292","descriptor_name":"Narcotic Antagonists","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009293","descriptor_name":"Opioid-Related Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009294","descriptor_name":"Narcotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009325","descriptor_name":"Nausea","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009325","descriptor_name":"Nausea","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013375","descriptor_name":"Substance Withdrawal Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013375","descriptor_name":"Substance Withdrawal Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014839","descriptor_name":"Vomiting","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014839","descriptor_name":"Vomiting","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016896","descriptor_name":"Treatment Outcome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000060451.82578.3a","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000060451.82578.3a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000060451.82578.3a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104698359","display_name":"Anesthesia & Analgesia","issn_l":"0003-2999","issn":["0003-2999","1526-7598"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Anesthesia &amp; Analgesia","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12707143","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12707143","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Anesthesia and analgesia","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104106763","https://openalex.org/W1868567488","https://openalex.org/W1954611182","https://openalex.org/W1983936399","https://openalex.org/W1991221254","https://openalex.org/W1993693505","https://openalex.org/W1999645571","https://openalex.org/W2000047510","https://openalex.org/W2038990247","https://openalex.org/W2044568716","https://openalex.org/W2050344170","https://openalex.org/W2061430343","https://openalex.org/W2097329845","https://openalex.org/W2124503010","https://openalex.org/W2138468089","https://openalex.org/W2145092433","https://openalex.org/W2163067138","https://openalex.org/W2261839230","https://openalex.org/W2271772967","https://openalex.org/W2338277320","https://openalex.org/W2405635588","https://openalex.org/W2412718275","https://openalex.org/W4249901679"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2036627929","https://openalex.org/W2004887649","https://openalex.org/W2034842744","https://openalex.org/W2504037345","https://openalex.org/W2428285957","https://openalex.org/W2441265380","https://openalex.org/W4249901679","https://openalex.org/W7214191827","https://openalex.org/W2029964069","https://openalex.org/W2036173369"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Given":[0],"the":[1,15,55,63,116,168,192,229,241,249,266,335,347,350,353,381,441,454,468,485,492,508,543,577,595,644,652,757,772,776,792,795,819,827,831,836,857,871,879,904,918,933,936,957,962,970,991,1029,1078,1101,1128,1136,1146,1176,1190,1198,1233,1242,1252,1291,1297,1343,1353,1358,1391,1403,1418,1444],"frequent":[2,885,916],"failure":[3],"rates":[4],"and":[5,40,91,139,206,228,299,309,349,358,366,397,415,527,559,582,611,633,694,728,751,766,811,866,895,946,998,1035,1084,1170,1193,1389],"occurrence":[6,623],"of":[7,17,37,170,191,195,248,337,352,361,450,522,554,567,624,655,669,686,749,780,789,798,805,833,848,870,874,887,938,964,1019,1032,1080,1103,1112,1127,1132,1139,1179,1200,1202,1251,1269,1293,1319,1334,1338,1345,1386,1393,1421,1446,1449],"early":[8],"relapses":[9],"with":[10,60,101,135,180,292,304,743,856,924,976,990,1109,1156,1208,1246,1439],"conventional":[11,102],"opioid":[12,19,32,43,61,76,103,117,459,509,569,752,1020,1400],"detoxification":[13,20,1281],"programs,":[14],"technique":[16,28],"ultra-rapid":[18],"(UROD)":[21],"has":[22,111,126,1010,1043,1150],"become":[23],"increasingly":[24],"popular":[25],"(1).":[26],"This":[27],"allows":[29],"for":[30,373,384,438,563,599,619,691],"rapid":[31],"withdrawal":[33,77,104,118,144,460,510,545,573,626,806,987,1021,1050,1069,1210,1248,1263],"using":[34,323,463,683,707,716],"a":[35,149,174,278,324,331,359,520,636,700,708,786,1053,1058,1085,1350,1371,1405,1455],"combination":[36,360,521],"oral":[38],"(PO)":[39],"IV":[41,293,482,663,852,1087,1119,1137,1336,1450],"administered":[42,172,315,372,447,478,502,550,616,657,755,1238],"antagonists":[44],"(e.g.,":[45,79,628,808,1271,1399],"naloxone,":[46,496,555],"nalmefene,":[47],"and/or":[48,495],"naltrexone).":[49],"In":[50,123,1039,1057,1096,1287,1402,1428,1442],"an":[51,108,356,536,551,1007],"effort":[52],"to":[53,114,129,165,182,234,254,316,329,436,506,586,594,651,745,996,1013,1046,1106,1120,1153,1160,1184,1240,1260,1303,1414,1432],"reduce":[54],"systematic":[56],"side":[57,185,671,876,1284,1325],"effects":[58,672,877,1185,1244,1285],"associated":[59,100,989,1207,1245,1438],"withdrawal,":[62],"UROD":[64,154,175,197,220,267,401,419,442,486,758,828,837,905,919,934,971,992,1037,1123,1234,1298,1359,1426,1440],"procedure":[65,176,354,759,838,972,993],"is":[66,1211],"normally":[67],"performed":[68,148,156,682,706,1413],"under":[69],"general":[70],"anesthesia":[71],"(2,3).":[72],"However,":[73,768,830,911,961,1072,1266],"acute":[74,568,625,986],"short-lasting":[75],"symptoms":[78,119,546,574,627,807,988,1018,1051,1264],"hypertension,":[80],"tachycardia,":[81],"sweating,":[82],"shivering,":[83],"abdominal":[84],"cramping,":[85],"muscle":[86,812,912,1230],"pain,":[87],"anxiety,":[88],"nausea,":[89,631],"vomiting,":[90,632,809],"diarrhea)":[92,634],"can":[93,994,1364,1452],"be":[94,235,1014,1107,1222,1365,1412,1433],"even":[95],"more":[96,1142,1415],"debilitating":[97],"than":[98,791,1144],"those":[99],"programs":[105],"(4).":[106],"Clonidine,":[107,1006],"\u03b12-adrenergic":[109,1008],"agonist,":[110,1009],"been":[112,127,1011,1044,1151,1275],"shown":[113],"suppress":[115],"in":[120,133,140,162,214,265,334,448,480,842,1016,1052,1064,1092,1189,1204,1277,1309,1352,1423,1435],"rats":[121],"(5).":[122],"addition,":[124,1443],"clonidine":[125,171,476,656,739,773,781,799,820,849,1033,1042,1113,1133,1180,1203,1236,1270,1294,1320,1339,1384,1422,1430,1451],"found":[128],"possess":[130],"antidiarrheal":[131,1030,1130,1177,1419],"activity":[132,1031],"humans":[134],"chronic":[136],"diarrhea":[137,385,834,896,965,1062,1081,1091,1104,1158,1206,1220,1437],"(6\u20139),":[138],"animals":[141,1066],"after":[142,542,835,969,1036,1316],"morphine":[143,1049,1068],"(5,10,11).":[145,1056],"Therefore,":[146],"we":[147],"retrospective":[150,189,1098,1289,1372],"chart":[151,230,1373],"evaluation":[152,190],"involving":[153],"procedures":[155,906,920,1299],"at":[157,199,345,386,404,422,675,760,769,822,861,878,907,921,956,973],"two":[158,677,880,958,1307],"major":[159],"medical":[160,193,226,388,762,824,881,959],"centers":[161,227,763,863,882],"Los":[163,215],"Angeles":[164,216],"evaluate":[166],"whether":[167],"dose":[169,553,654,779,788,1088],"during":[173,484,756,826,903,917,1034,1296,1357],"influenced":[177],"patient":[178,242,1004],"outcome":[179],"respect":[181,744],"gastrointestinal":[183],"(GI)":[184],"effects.":[186],"Methods":[187],"A":[188,868,1125],"charts":[194,243],"138":[196],"patients":[198,251,437,548,583,613,843,1121,1155,1278,1308,1424],"Cedars-Sinai":[200,405,427,922,977],"Medical":[201,209,284,406,425,428,474],"Center":[202,210],"(n":[203,211],"=":[204,212],"54)":[205],"Centinela":[207,423,472,770,908,925,974],"Hospital":[208,424,473],"84)":[213],"was":[217,232,302,314,321,343,371,380,434,445,461,477,500,533,580,607,705,839,966,1141,1237,1370,1377],"conducted.":[218],"The":[219,622,666,738,803,985,1332],"protocols":[221],"were":[222,244,252,273,290,549,575,584,591,614,639,648,673,681,698,714,726,733,741,814,914,954,1396],"approved":[223],"by":[224,513,1082],"both":[225,346,387,761,862],"review":[231],"considered":[233,734],"exempt":[236],"from":[237,588,643,1301],"IRB":[238],"approval":[239],"because":[240,1385],"reviewed":[245],"anonymously.":[246],"All":[247,724],"study":[250,1060,1311,1410],"addicted":[253],"either":[255,514,658,823,1116],"heroin,":[256],"methadone,":[257],"codeine,":[258],"hydromorphone,":[259],"oxycodone,":[260],"or":[261,295,519,662,688,718,853,1118,1163],"hydrocodone.":[262],"Upon":[263],"arrival":[264],"treatment":[268],"room,":[269],"standard":[270,382],"anesthetic":[271],"monitors":[272],"applied,":[274],"as":[275,277,355,722,1001,1003],"well":[276,1002],"bispectral":[279],"index":[280],"(BIS\u00ae)":[281],"monitor":[282],"(Aspect":[283],"Systems,":[285],"Inc.":[286],"Natick,":[287],"MA).":[288],"Patients":[289,590],"premedicated":[291],"midazolam":[294],"diazepam":[296],"(Tables":[297,764,864],"1":[298,765,865],"2).":[300,767,867],"Anesthesia":[301,320],"induced":[303],"propofol,":[305],"1.5\u20132.0":[306],"mg/kg":[307,1075],"IV,":[308,313,342,499,558,1076],"succinylcholine,":[310],"40\u2013100":[311],"mg":[312,341,364,369,378,432,452,490,498,517,525,530,557,605,783,801,851,1322],"facilitate":[317],"tracheal":[318],"intubation.":[319],"maintained":[322],"propofol":[325,578,790,1354],"infusion":[326,579],"(50\u2013200":[327],"\u03bcg/kg/min)":[328],"maintain":[330],"BIS":[332],"value":[333],"range":[336],"55\u201360.":[338],"Glycopyrrolate,":[339],"0.2":[340],"given":[344,435,608,1115],"start":[348],"end":[351],"antisialagogue,":[357],"ondansetron":[362],"(4\u20138":[363],"IV)":[365,370,379,526,531,784],"droperidol":[367],"(0.625\u20131.25":[368],"antiemetic":[374],"prophylaxis.":[375],"Sandostatin":[376],"(0.2\u20130.4":[377],"therapy":[383],"centers.Table":[389],"1:":[390],"Demographic":[391,409],"Characteristics,":[392,410],"Anesthetic":[393,411],"Medications,":[394,412],"Withdrawal":[395,413],"Symptoms,":[396,414],"Discharge":[398,416],"Times":[399,417],"After":[400,418,932],"Procedures":[402,420],"Performed":[403,421],"CenterTable":[407],"2:":[408],"CenterAt":[426],"Center,":[429,475],"clonidine,":[430,1073,1256],"0.1":[431,1074],"PO,":[433,606,1259],"premedication":[439],"before":[440,609,641],"procedure.":[443,487,829,1360],"Clonidine":[444,1149],"subsequently":[446,615],"doses":[449,483,1268,1318,1337,1448],"0.1\u20131.5":[451],"via":[453,467,491],"nasogastric":[455],"(NG)":[456],"tube.":[457,470],"Acute":[458],"initiated":[462],"naltrexone,":[464],"37.5\u2013400":[465],"mg,":[466],"NG":[469,493],"At":[471],"incrementally":[479],"0.1-mg":[481],"Naltrexone,":[488,603],"300\u2013350":[489],"tube,":[494],"5\u201315":[497],"then":[501,560,592],"over":[503,535],"20\u201330":[504],"min":[505],"initiate":[507],"process,":[511],"followed":[512],"nalmefene":[515,523],"(4\u201312":[516],"IV),":[518,1323],"(4":[524],"naloxone":[528],"(25":[529],"which":[532],"infused":[534],"8-h":[537],"period.":[538],"Approximately":[539],"4":[540],"h":[541],"initial":[544],"ended,":[547],"additional":[552],"2\u20134":[556],"carefully":[561],"observed":[562],"further":[564],"clinical":[565,1026,1099],"signs":[566],"withdrawal.":[570],"If":[571],"no":[572,1025,1378,1383],"observed,":[576],"discontinued":[581],"allowed":[585],"awaken":[587],"anesthesia.":[589],"transferred":[593],"intensive":[596],"care":[597],"unit":[598],"continuous":[600,692],"electrocardiogram":[601],"monitoring.":[602],"25":[604],"discharge":[610,642],"all":[612,1065],"naltrexone":[617],"daily":[618],"6":[620],"mo.":[621],"hemodynamic":[629],"changes,":[630],"requiring":[635],"therapeutic":[637],"intervention":[638],"recorded":[640],"hospital.":[645],"These":[646],"data":[647,713],"analyzed":[649,715],"according":[650],"total":[653,778],"PO":[659,1117],"(at":[660,664],"Cedars)":[661],"Centinela).":[665],"overall":[667,872,1129],"incidences":[668,804,873,886,937],"GI":[670,875],"compared":[674,855,923,975],"these":[676],"institutions.":[678],"Statistical":[679],"analyses":[680],"one-way":[684],"analysis":[685,1363],"variance":[687],"Student\u2019s":[689],"t-test":[690],"variables,":[693],"when":[695,1114],"significant":[696,1283],"differences":[697],"determined,":[699],"post":[701],"hoc":[702],"intergroup":[703],"comparison":[704,869,1126],"Newman-Keuls":[709],"multiple-comparison":[710],"test.":[711],"Categorical":[712],"\u03c72":[717],"Fisher\u2019s":[719],"exact":[720],"test":[721],"appropriate.":[723],"tests":[725],"two-sided":[727],"P":[729,892,900,929,943,951,981],"values":[730],"<":[731,901,930,982],"0.05":[732],"statistically":[735],"significant.":[736],"Results":[737],"subgroups":[740,821,860],"comparable":[742],"demographic":[746],"characteristics,":[747],"dosages":[748,847,1111,1392],"sedative-hypnotics,":[750],"antagonist":[753],"medications":[754],"Hospital,":[771],"subgroup":[774,793],"receiving":[775,794,1382],"larger":[777,846,1267,1335,1447],"(>1.0":[782,850],"required":[785],"smaller":[787,796,858],"dosage":[797,859,1292,1355],"(\u22641.0":[800],"IV).":[802],"diarrhea,":[810,1346],"spasms)":[813],"not":[815,1328,1340,1397],"significantly":[816,840,967],"different":[817],"among":[818],"center":[825],"incidence":[832,963,1079,1102,1344],"decreased":[841,1077,1108,1342],"who":[844],"received":[845],"PO)":[854],"revealed":[883],"less":[884,915],"vomiting":[888,947],"(4%":[889],"versus":[890,898,927,941,949,979],"11%,":[891],">":[893,944,952],"0.05),":[894],"(1%":[897],"13%,":[899],"0.05)":[902,945,953],"(versus":[909],"Cedars-Sinai).":[910],"spasms":[913],"(52%":[926],"75%,":[928],"0.05).":[931,983],"procedure,":[935,1235],"nausea":[939],"(39%":[940],"31%,":[942],"(35%":[948],"26%,":[950],"similar":[955],"centers.":[960],"reduced":[968],"(11%":[978],"35%,":[980],"Discussion":[984],"lead":[995],"dehydration":[997],"electrolyte":[999],"disturbances,":[1000],"discomfort.":[1005],"reported":[1012,1045],"effective":[1015,1143],"suppressing":[1017],"(12\u201316).":[1022],"There":[1023],"are":[1024,1181],"studies":[1027,1172,1254],"evaluating":[1028],"procedures.":[1038,1124,1427,1441],"animal":[1040,1094,1169],"studies,":[1041],"prevent":[1047],"naloxone-precipitated":[1048],"dose-dependent":[1054,1456],"manner":[1055],"rat":[1059],"(10),":[1061],"occurred":[1063],"undergoing":[1067,1122,1279,1425],"without":[1070,1282],"clonidine.":[1071],"50%,":[1083],"0.3-mg/kg":[1086],"effectively":[1089],"prevented":[1090],"this":[1093,1288,1324,1369],"model.":[1095],"our":[1097,1310],"assessment,":[1100],"seemed":[1105],"increasing":[1110],"efficacy":[1131],"suggested":[1134,1174,1217],"that":[1135,1175,1218],"route":[1138],"administration":[1140],"giving":[1145],"drug":[1147],"PO.":[1148],"used":[1152,1255,1276,1295],"treat":[1154],"intractable":[1157],"secondary":[1159],"diabetes,":[1161],"cholera,":[1162],"small":[1164,1191],"bowel":[1165,1192],"transplantation":[1166],"(6\u20138).":[1167],"Previous":[1168],"human":[1171],"have":[1173,1216,1274],"properties":[1178],"largely":[1182],"attributed":[1183],"on":[1186,1227],"fluid":[1187],"absorption":[1188],"intestinal":[1194,1228],"motility":[1195],"(9,17\u201320).":[1196],"Although":[1197,1306],"site":[1199],"action":[1201],"preventing":[1205],"opiate":[1209,1247,1262,1280],"unclear":[1212],"(5),":[1213],"some":[1214],"authors":[1215],"withdrawal-induced":[1219],"may":[1221],"mediated":[1223],"through":[1224],"\u03b12-adrenoceptors":[1225],"located":[1226],"smooth":[1229],"(10,11).":[1231],"During":[1232],"primarily":[1239],"attenuate":[1241],"systemic":[1243],"(21).":[1249],"Most":[1250],"published":[1253],"5\u20136":[1257],"\u03bcg/kg":[1258],"control":[1261,1380],"(11,12).":[1265],">10":[1272],"\u03bcg/kg)":[1273],"(14).":[1286],"study,":[1290],"varied":[1300],"2":[1302],"30":[1304],"\u03bcg/kg.":[1305],"population":[1312],"experienced":[1313],"transient":[1314],"bradycardia":[1315],"large":[1317],"(>1":[1321],"effect":[1326,1420],"did":[1327],"require":[1329],"anticholinergic":[1330],"treatment.":[1331],"use":[1333,1445],"only":[1341],"but":[1347],"also":[1348,1453],"produced":[1349],"reduction":[1351],"requirement":[1356],"Our":[1361],"current":[1362],"criticized":[1366],"because:":[1367],"1)":[1368],"review,":[1374],"2)":[1375],"there":[1376],"\u201cplacebo\u201d":[1379],"group":[1381],"ethical":[1387],"concerns,":[1388],"3)":[1390],"adjunctive":[1394],"drugs":[1395],"standardized":[1398],"antagonist).":[1401],"future,":[1404],"prospective,":[1406],"randomized,":[1407],"double-blinded":[1408],"dose-ranging":[1409],"should":[1411],"precisely":[1416],"quantify":[1417],"conclusion,":[1429],"seems":[1431],"beneficial":[1434],"reducing":[1436],"produce":[1454],"propofol-sparing":[1457],"effect.":[1458]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
