{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005901696","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1174983","title":"Rigor in Data Synthesis: A Case Study of Reliability in Meta-Analysis","display_name":"Rigor in Data Synthesis: A Case Study of Reliability in Meta-Analysis","publication_year":1982,"publication_date":"1982-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005901696","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1174983","mag":"2005901696"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/1174983","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1174983","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1174983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55175622","display_name":"Educational Researcher","issn_l":"0013-189X","issn":["0013-189X","1935-102X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Educational Researcher","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111509328","display_name":"William Albert Stock","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William A. Stock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003679046","display_name":"Morris Alan Okun","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morris A. Okun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048628439","display_name":"Marilyn J. Haring","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marilyn J. Haring","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018453183","display_name":"Wendy Miller","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wendy Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046416350","display_name":"Clifford Kinney","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clifford Kinney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048212616","display_name":"Robert W. Ceurvorst","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert W. Ceurvorst","raw_affiliation_strings":["Market Facts, Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Market Facts, Inc","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.323,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":67,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99086062,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"6","first_page":"10","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.9042999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.9042999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13309","display_name":"Reliability and Agreement in Measurement","score":0.08579999953508377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13284","display_name":"Psychology Research and Bibliometrics","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meta-analysis","display_name":"meta-analysis","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-synthesis","display_name":"data synthesis","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding-reliability","display_name":"coding reliability","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inter-rater-reliability","display_name":"inter-rater reliability","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threats-to-validity","display_name":"threats to validity","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evidence-synthesis","display_name":"evidence synthesis","score":0.5669999718666077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.6107600331306458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5170596241950989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41387176513671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4065368175506592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.20425647497177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.11133632063865662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/1174983","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1174983","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1174983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55175622","display_name":"Educational Researcher","issn_l":"0013-189X","issn":["0013-189X","1935-102X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Educational Researcher","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.3102/0013189x011006010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189x011006010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189x011006010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55175622","display_name":"Educational Researcher","issn_l":"0013-189X","issn":["0013-189X","1935-102X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Educational Researcher","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W612243507","https://openalex.org/W1483679835","https://openalex.org/W1488837022","https://openalex.org/W1546098095","https://openalex.org/W1628822962","https://openalex.org/W1824095716","https://openalex.org/W1966921297","https://openalex.org/W1969426771","https://openalex.org/W1981864453","https://openalex.org/W1982070737","https://openalex.org/W1982301032","https://openalex.org/W1997955541","https://openalex.org/W2024160177","https://openalex.org/W2041832213","https://openalex.org/W2043301212","https://openalex.org/W2044131663","https://openalex.org/W2045780317","https://openalex.org/W2052437722","https://openalex.org/W2057624438","https://openalex.org/W2059527510","https://openalex.org/W2065122769","https://openalex.org/W2082785668","https://openalex.org/W2087602038","https://openalex.org/W2094419105","https://openalex.org/W2111490417","https://openalex.org/W2124134517","https://openalex.org/W2127136536","https://openalex.org/W2128874915","https://openalex.org/W2134435022","https://openalex.org/W2165672089","https://openalex.org/W4236584116","https://openalex.org/W4254360402","https://openalex.org/W4301054596"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2170180378","https://openalex.org/W2794435183","https://openalex.org/W2168382705","https://openalex.org/W2143849491","https://openalex.org/W3021683231","https://openalex.org/W2406496673","https://openalex.org/W2143943804","https://openalex.org/W1982096311","https://openalex.org/W588177925","https://openalex.org/W4252299083"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"subject":[1,205],"of":[2,41,44,55,79,87,116,131,134,180,221,247,262],"this":[3],"study":[4,58],"was":[5],"the":[6,51,61,85,104,113,120,129,153,245,260],"reliability":[7],"among":[8],"persons":[9],"coding":[10],"information":[11],"from":[12,106],"primary":[13,30,89,121,135,172,226],"research":[14,31,136,227],"sources":[15,78,179,220],"for":[16,26,77,102,124,149,160,219],"use":[17],"in":[18,29,65,72,128],"a":[19,23,42,150,263],"metaanalysis.":[20],"Meta-analysis":[21],"is":[22,39,84,204],"quantitative":[24,45,68,139,200],"procedure":[25],"synthesizing":[27],"data":[28,69,96,125,161,201,213],"reports":[32],"(Glass,":[33,228],"1976;":[34],"1977).":[35],"As":[36],"such,":[37],"it":[38,196],"one":[40],"number":[43],"procedures":[46,71,101,140],"proposed":[47,143,159],"as":[48,81,83,223,225],"alternatives":[49],"to":[50,171,178,186,206,208,259],"traditional,":[52],"verbal":[53],"review":[54,115],"literature.":[56],"This":[57],"rests":[59],"on":[60,243],"assumption":[62],"that":[63,156,199,212],"meta-analysis":[64,163],"particular,":[66],"and":[67,92,211],"synthesis":[70,97,202,214],"general,":[73],"should":[74,216],"be":[75,217],"examined":[76,218],"invalidity":[80,181,222],"rigorously":[82],"process":[86],"generating":[88],"research.":[90],"Pillemer":[91,145],"Light":[93],"(1980)":[94],"defined":[95],"as,":[98],"using":[99],"formal":[100,122],"combining":[103],"results":[105],"several":[107,252],"experiments":[108],"(p.":[109],"177).":[110],"Until":[111],"recently,":[112],"traditional":[114],"literature":[117],"has":[118,164,195],"been":[119,142,158,165,197],"mechanism":[123],"synthesis.":[126],"However,":[127,192],"context":[130],"burgeoning":[132],"numbers":[133],"sources,":[137],"alternate":[138],"have":[141,157,240,250,256],"(see":[144],"&":[146,189,230],"Light,":[147],"1980,":[148],"review).":[151],"Among":[152],"different":[154],"methods":[155],"synthesis,":[162],"applied":[166],"most":[167],"widely.":[168],"With":[169],"regard":[170],"research,":[173],"numerous":[174],"texts":[175],"call":[176],"attention":[177,258],"which":[182],"investigators":[183],"must":[184],"try":[185],"avoid":[187],"(Campbell":[188],"Stanley,":[190],"1966).":[191],"only":[193],"recently":[194],"suggested":[198],"also":[203],"threats":[207],"its":[209],"validity,":[210],"studies":[215],"carefully":[224],"McGaw,":[229],"Smith,":[231],"1981;":[232],"Cooper,":[233],"Note":[234],"1).":[235],"Although":[236],"few":[237],"empirical":[238],"efforts":[239],"focused":[241],"directly":[242],"assessing":[244],"validity":[246],"meta-analysis,":[248],"critics":[249],"expressed":[251],"objections.":[253],"First,":[254],"they":[255],"called":[257],"lack":[261],"statistical":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
