{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005876960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1971.0076","title":"Personal Liberty Laws and Sectional Crisis: 1850-1861","display_name":"Personal Liberty Laws and Sectional Crisis: 1850-1861","publication_year":1971,"publication_date":"1971-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005876960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1971.0076","mag":"2005876960"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/cwh.1971.0076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1971.0076","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1971.0076","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42018803","display_name":"Civil War history","issn_l":"0009-8078","issn":["0009-8078","1533-6271"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315744","host_organization_name":"Kent State University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315744"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Kent State University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Civil War History","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009321154","display_name":"Norman L. Rosenberg","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Norman L. Rosenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009321154"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4163,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91598208,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"25","last_page":"44"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12144","display_name":"Colonialism, slavery, and trade","score":0.9599999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12144","display_name":"Colonialism, slavery, and trade","score":0.9599999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13445","display_name":"American Constitutional Law and Politics","score":0.033799998462200165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-liberty-laws","display_name":"personal liberty laws","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fugitive-slaves","display_name":"fugitive slaves","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fugitive-slave-act-of-1850","display_name":"Fugitive Slave Act of 1850","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slave-power","display_name":"slave power","score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sectional-crisis","display_name":"sectional crisis","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-state","display_name":"Free State","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/habeas-corpus","display_name":"habeas corpus","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jury-trial","display_name":"jury trial","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/states-rights","display_name":"states' rights","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antislavery","display_name":"antislavery","score":0.4620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slavery","display_name":"slavery","score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/missouri-compromise","display_name":"Missouri Compromise","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antebellum-united-states","display_name":"antebellum United States","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/1850","display_name":"1850s","score":0.6380000114440918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.7735387682914734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17319257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21189184","display_name":"Statute","level":2,"score":0.6492607593536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5726578831672668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5496906638145447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776154427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7755","display_name":"Constitution","level":2,"score":0.48185858130455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775923278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29556","display_name":"Civil liberties","level":3,"score":0.4749082326889038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83009810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11204","display_name":"Legislature","level":2,"score":0.4399489462375641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.12548232078552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/cwh.1971.0076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1971.0076","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1971.0076","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42018803","display_name":"Civil War history","issn_l":"0009-8078","issn":["0009-8078","1533-6271"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315744","host_organization_name":"Kent State University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315744"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Kent State University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Civil War History","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/418952","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/418952","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9200000166893005}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W561198205","https://openalex.org/W564453584","https://openalex.org/W567525494","https://openalex.org/W571143048","https://openalex.org/W584645996","https://openalex.org/W599323708","https://openalex.org/W610780754","https://openalex.org/W639016977","https://openalex.org/W800666626","https://openalex.org/W1487467093","https://openalex.org/W1491575619","https://openalex.org/W1506962430","https://openalex.org/W1524902240","https://openalex.org/W1573303646","https://openalex.org/W1576998381","https://openalex.org/W1601020649","https://openalex.org/W1966744824","https://openalex.org/W1967151538","https://openalex.org/W1985317853","https://openalex.org/W1991023582","https://openalex.org/W1997083809","https://openalex.org/W2021992559","https://openalex.org/W2034693806","https://openalex.org/W2044725342","https://openalex.org/W2051333554","https://openalex.org/W2067421264","https://openalex.org/W2067461258","https://openalex.org/W2083615832","https://openalex.org/W2084760598","https://openalex.org/W2111413991","https://openalex.org/W2134957268","https://openalex.org/W2723884044","https://openalex.org/W2796297211","https://openalex.org/W2797695600","https://openalex.org/W2915818254","https://openalex.org/W3145774180","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2082841157","https://openalex.org/W203623011","https://openalex.org/W2005586430","https://openalex.org/W7116084470","https://openalex.org/W4253881571","https://openalex.org/W2912352651","https://openalex.org/W4313489620","https://openalex.org/W4232432313","https://openalex.org/W4240660555","https://openalex.org/W6993885159"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Personal":[0],"Liberty":[1,363],"Laws":[2],"and":[3,30,91,161,198,220,225,238,249,304,325,376,396,411,427,434,517,527,621,687],"Sectional":[4,443],"Crisis:":[5],"1850-1861":[6],"Norman":[7],"L.":[8],"Rosenberg":[9],"Although":[10],"American":[11],"Negro":[12],"slavery":[13],"came":[14],"to":[15,48,99,108,154,162,186,199,421,505,512,518,558,587,665],"be":[16],"a":[17,63,149,522,532,537,591,648],"uniquely":[18],"southern":[19,54,250,575],"institution,":[20],"runaway":[21,476],"slaves":[22,67,81,257,450,477,600],"found":[23],"no":[24,68,502,595],"legal":[25,69],"dividing":[26],"line":[27],"between":[28,431],"slave":[29,35,55,151,196,212,433,467,588,675],"free":[31,64,128,137,174,207,435,572,633],"states.":[32,246],"The":[33,94,145,339,486],"fugitive":[34,150,211,256,449,466,507,580,599,674],"clause":[36,468],"of":[37,44,80,88,96,105,123,130,148,158,173,190,195,203,206,242,244,255,293,308,314,370,377,381,424,437,448,455,475,481,490,496,525,552,562,571,615,625,632,651,662,670,683],"the":[38,42,77,101,121,124,127,141,188,204,231,240,253,259,266,275,294,315,326,353,382,397,422,432,438,446,453,456,462,465,473,479,494,543,553,579,619,666,681,684],"Constitution,":[39],"which":[40,184,286,653],"guaranteed":[41],"return":[43,447,474],"interstate":[45,515],"fugitives":[46],"\"held":[47],"Service":[49],"or":[50,483],"Labour":[51],",\"":[52],"gave":[53],"codes":[56],"extraterritorial":[57],"validity,":[58],"so":[59],"that":[60,112,165,230,272,429,548],"escape":[61],"into":[62,564],"state":[65,175,201,482,526,585,626,658,673],"offered":[66],"refuge":[70],"from":[71,542],"pursuit":[72],"by":[73,209,218,582,641],"their":[74,514,540],"masters.":[75],"During":[76],"1850's":[78],"rendition":[79,661],"in":[82,271,440,452,461],"northern":[83,132,248,610,645],"states":[84,133,287,611],"increasingly":[85],"involved":[86],"questions":[87],"states'":[89],"rights":[90,214],"civil":[92],"liberties.":[93],"use":[95,189],"federal":[97,191,484,685],"officials":[98],"enforce":[100],"Fugitive":[102,354,393,487,667],"Slave":[103,327,355,394,488,668],"Act":[104,356,489,669],"1850":[106,343],"appeared":[107],"support":[109],"antislavery":[110],"charges":[111],"an":[113],"aggressive":[114],"\"slave":[115],"power\"":[116],"conspiracy":[117],"was":[118,478],"invading,":[119],"under":[120],"protection":[122,202,570],"national":[125,503,528],"government,":[126],"soil":[129],"sovereign":[131],"as":[134,136,216],"well":[135],"western":[138],"territories":[139],"above":[140],"Missouri":[142],"Compromise":[143],"line.":[144],"summary":[146,533],"procedures":[147,659],"hearing":[152],"seemed":[153],"violate":[155],"traditional":[156],"standards":[157],"Anglo-American":[159],"justice":[160],"substantiate":[163],"claims":[164,640],"slaveholders":[166],"were":[167,511],"antirepublican":[168],"power":[169,192],"mongers.1":[170],"A":[171,306,329,643],"number":[172],"legislatures":[176,646],"adopted":[177,612],"statutes":[178],",":[179,375,401,464],"so-called":[180],"\"personal":[181],"liberty":[182,205,232,268,289],"laws,\"":[183],"purported":[185],"counteract":[187],"on":[193],"behalf":[194],"interests":[197],"insure":[200],"Negroes":[208,573],"guaranteeing":[210],"suspects":[213],"such":[215],"trial":[217],"jury":[219],"habeas":[221],"corpus.":[222],"Southern":[223],"spokesmen":[224],"most":[226,622],"Northern":[227],"Democrats":[228],"charged":[229],"laws":[233,269,340,417,676],"violated":[234],"sacred":[235],"constitutional":[236],"obligations":[237],"threatened":[239],"property":[241],"citizens":[243],"slaveholding":[245],"Despite":[247],"concern":[251],"over":[252,445],"issue":[254,536],"during":[258],"1850's,":[260],"historians":[261,281],"have":[262,282,344],"not":[263,470,607,637,678],"adequately":[264],"examined":[265],"personal":[267],"passed":[270,341,594,647],"decade.":[273],"Neither":[274],"laws'":[276],"antebellum":[277],"critics":[278],"nor":[279],"later":[280],"even":[283],"agreed":[284],"upon":[285],"enacted":[288,351],"bills.'-":[290],"An":[291],"examination":[292],"controversy":[295],"surrounding":[296],"1":[297],"Arthur":[298],"E.":[299],"Bestor":[300],"Jr.,":[301],"\"State":[302],"Sovereignty":[303],"Slavery:":[305],"Reinterpretation":[307],"Proslavery":[309],"Constitutional":[310],"Doctrine,":[311],"1846-1860,\"":[312],"Journal":[313],"Illinois":[316],"Historical":[317],"Society,":[318],"LIV":[319],"(1961),":[320],"117-180;":[321],"Larry":[322],"Gara,":[323],"\"Slavery":[324],"Power:":[328],"Crucial":[330],"Distinction,\"":[331],"Civil":[332],"War":[333],"History,":[334],"XV":[335],"(1969),":[336],"5-18.":[337],"'-":[338],"before":[342,521],"been":[345],"given":[346],"greater":[347,584],"attention":[348],"than":[349],"those":[350],"after":[352,531],"o\u00ed":[357],"1850.":[358,602],"See":[359],"Alexander":[360],"Johnston,":[361],"\"Personal":[362],"Laws,\"":[364],"John":[365],"J.":[366],"Lalor":[367],"(ed.),":[368],"Cyclopaedia":[369],"Political":[371,373,379],"Science,":[372],"Economy":[374],"tiie":[378],"History":[380],"United":[383],"States":[384],"(Chicago,":[385],"1884),":[386],"III,":[387],"162163":[388],";":[389],"Julius":[390],"Yanuck,":[391],"\"The":[392,408],"Law":[395],"Constitution\"":[398],"(Ph.D.":[399],"Dissertation":[400],"Columbia":[402],"University,":[403],"1953),":[404],"32-34;":[405],"Joseph":[406],"Nogee,":[407],"Prigg":[409],"Case":[410],"25":[412],"26CIVIL":[413],"WAR":[414],"HISTORY":[415],"these":[416,672],"adds":[418],"another":[419],"dimension":[420],"extent":[423],"mutual":[425],"hostility":[426],"suspicion":[428],"existed":[430],"sections":[436],"Republic":[439],"November,":[441],"1860.":[442],"conflict":[444],"originated":[451],"ambiguity":[454],"Constitution.":[457],"Drafted":[458],"hurriedly":[459],"late":[460],"Convention":[463],"did":[469,606,636,677],"specify":[471],"whether":[472],"responsibility":[480],"officials.3":[485],"1793":[491],"only":[492],"complicated":[493],"problem":[495],"enforcement":[497],"because":[498],"its":[499],"framers":[500],"created":[501],"apparatus":[504],"recover":[506],"slaves.":[508],"Slaveowners":[509],"themselves":[510],"seize":[513],"runaways":[516],"take":[519],"them":[520],"wide":[523],"variety":[524],"officers":[529],"who,":[530],"hearing,":[534],"would":[535],"certificate":[538],"authorizing":[539],"removal":[541],"state.4":[544],"Antislavery":[545],"groups":[546],"complained":[547],"kidnappers":[549],"took":[550],"advantage":[551],"Act's":[554],"flimsy":[555],"procedural":[556],"safeguards":[557],"sell":[559],"large":[560],"numbers":[561],"blacks":[563,634],"slavery,":[565],"but":[566,635],"calls":[567],"for":[568,577,630,660],"additional":[569],"encountered":[574],"demands":[576],"strengthening":[578],"law":[581],"requiring":[583],"assistance":[586],"claimants.5":[589],"As":[590],"result,":[592],"Congress":[593,605],"new":[596],"legislation":[597],"affecting":[598],"until":[601],"Even":[603],"though":[604],"act,":[608],"some":[609],"various":[613],"kinds":[614],"laws.":[616],"Kidnapping":[617],"laws,":[618],"earliest":[620],"limited":[623],"type":[624,650],"legislation,":[627],"established":[628],"penalties":[629],"abduction":[631],"affect":[638],"legitimate":[639],"slaveholders.6":[642],"few":[644],"second":[649],"statute":[652],"provided":[654],"claimants":[655],"with":[656],"separate":[657],"runaways.":[663],"Alternatives":[664],"1793,":[671],"seriously":[679],"hamper":[680],"operation":[682],"act":[686],"generally":[688],"represented":[689],"a...":[690]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
